About the Authors

Xiaofeng Xu

Affiliations Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (SMART), Singapore, Singapore, NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore

Artem K. Efremov

Affiliation Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (SMART), Singapore, Singapore

Ang Li

Affiliation Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (SMART), Singapore, Singapore

Lipeng Lai

Affiliations Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America, MIT-SUTD Collaboration, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America

Ming Dao

Affiliations Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (SMART), Singapore, Singapore, Department of Material Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America

Chwee Teck Lim

ctlim@nus.edu.sg (CTL); jianshu@mit.edu (JC)

Affiliations Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (SMART), Singapore, Singapore, NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore, Nano Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering and Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore, Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore

Jianshu Cao

ctlim@nus.edu.sg (CTL); jianshu@mit.edu (JC)

Affiliations Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (SMART), Singapore, Singapore, Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: XX AKE AL MD CTL JC. Performed the experiments: XX AL. Analyzed the data: XX AKE AL LL CTL JC. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: XX AKE AL CTL JC. Wrote the paper: XX AKE CTL JC.