About the Authors

Sharyn J. Goldstien

sharyn.goldstien@canterbury.ac.nz

Affiliation University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand

Lise Dupont

Affiliations Marine Biological Association, Plymouth, United Kingdom, UMR 7618 BioEMCo, Equipe IBIOS, Université Paris-Est Creteil, Creteil, France

Frédérique Viard

Affiliations UPMC Université Paris, Lab. AD2M, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Roscoff, France, UMR 7144 CNRS UPMC, DivCo team, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Roscoff, France

Paul J. Hallas

Affiliations Marine Biological Association, Plymouth, United Kingdom, University of Glamorgan, Pontypridd, United Kingdom, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, United Kingdom

Teruaki Nishikawa

Affiliation Toho University, Miyama, Chiba, Japan

David R. Schiel

Affiliation University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand

Neil J. Gemmell

Affiliation University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand

John D. D. Bishop

Affiliations Marine Biological Association, Plymouth, United Kingdom, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, United Kingdom

Competing Interests

This study was funded by a University of Canterbury Postdoctoral Fellowship and subcontract to NJG from NIWA as part of the FRST OBI "Biodiversity and biosecurity" contract CO1X0502, as well as the European Network of Excellence "Marine Genomics Europe" (contract no. 505403), the NERC (UK) Oceans 2025 programme, and the AXA Research Fund (project ‘MAAC’). This does not alter our adherence to all the PLoS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: SJG LD FV JDDB NJG. Performed the experiments: SJG LD PJH TN. Analyzed the data: SJG. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: NJG DS JDDB FV SJG. Wrote the paper: SJG. Major contribution to editing the manuscript and initialising the projects: NJG JDDB FV DRS. Developed the concepts and structure of the article, collected data for the southern hemisphere and some U. S. and Canadian populations, and analyzed the complete dataset: SJG. Secured funding for the work in the southern hemisphere: NJG DRS. Secured funding and coordinated research and data collection for the northern hemisphere: JDDB FV. Collected data for the northern hemisphere populations: LD JPH TN. Contributed to revisions and completion of the article: NJG JDDB FV DRS.