About the Authors

Simon Knight

Contributed equally to this work with: Simon Knight, Olga Viberg, Manolis Mavrikis, Vitomir Kovanović, Hassan Khosravi, Rebecca Ferguson, Linda Corrin

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Writing – original draft

Simon.Knight@uts.edu.au

Affiliations Centre for Research on Education in a Digital Society and TD School, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia, Digital Futures, KTH, Stockholm, Sweden, UCL Knowledge Lab, University College London, London, United Kingdom

Olga Viberg

Contributed equally to this work with: Simon Knight, Olga Viberg, Manolis Mavrikis, Vitomir Kovanović, Hassan Khosravi, Rebecca Ferguson, Linda Corrin

Roles Formal analysis, Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Digital Futures, KTH, Stockholm, Sweden

Manolis Mavrikis

Contributed equally to this work with: Simon Knight, Olga Viberg, Manolis Mavrikis, Vitomir Kovanović, Hassan Khosravi, Rebecca Ferguson, Linda Corrin

Roles Formal analysis, Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation UCL Knowledge Lab, University College London, London, United Kingdom

Vitomir Kovanović

Contributed equally to this work with: Simon Knight, Olga Viberg, Manolis Mavrikis, Vitomir Kovanović, Hassan Khosravi, Rebecca Ferguson, Linda Corrin

Roles Formal analysis, Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Learning Futures, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia

Hassan Khosravi

Contributed equally to this work with: Simon Knight, Olga Viberg, Manolis Mavrikis, Vitomir Kovanović, Hassan Khosravi, Rebecca Ferguson, Linda Corrin

Roles Formal analysis, Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Institute for Teaching and Learning Innovation / School of Education, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia

Rebecca Ferguson

Contributed equally to this work with: Simon Knight, Olga Viberg, Manolis Mavrikis, Vitomir Kovanović, Hassan Khosravi, Rebecca Ferguson, Linda Corrin

Roles Formal analysis, Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Institute of Educational Technology, The Open University, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom

Linda Corrin

Contributed equally to this work with: Simon Knight, Olga Viberg, Manolis Mavrikis, Vitomir Kovanović, Hassan Khosravi, Rebecca Ferguson, Linda Corrin

Roles Formal analysis, Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Deakin Learning Futures, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia

Kate Thompson

Roles Validation, Writing – review & editing

‡ KT, LM, JL, SH and MC also contributed equally to this work.

Affiliation Faculty of Creative Industries, Education & Social Justice, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia

Louis Major

Roles Validation, Writing – review & editing

‡ KT, LM, JL, SH and MC also contributed equally to this work.

Affiliation Manchester Institute of Education, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom

Jason Lodge

Roles Validation, Writing – review & editing

‡ KT, LM, JL, SH and MC also contributed equally to this work.

Affiliation Institute for Teaching and Learning Innovation / School of Education, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia

Sara Hennessy

Roles Validation, Writing – review & editing

‡ KT, LM, JL, SH and MC also contributed equally to this work.

Affiliation Faculty of Education, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom

Mutlu Cukurova

Roles Validation, Writing – review & editing

‡ KT, LM, JL, SH and MC also contributed equally to this work.

Affiliation UCL Knowledge Lab, University College London, London, United Kingdom

Competing Interests

The research reported was instigated as a collaboration between the Journal of Learning Analytics (JLA), Australasian Journal of Educational Technology (AJET), and the British Journal of Educational Technology (BJET), by the lead author, who was a previous co-editor-in-chief of the JLA. The authors acknowledge BJET co-editor-in-chief Cathy Lewin, who joined the journal later in this process, and thus did not participate in authoring this piece. The views expressed are those of the authors, and may not represent the views of the journals, scholarly societies, or other organisations to which they are affiliated. The work was begun over the course of the lead author’s sabbatical, which included periods co-located at UCL and KTH / the Swedish Digital Futures research centre, supporting direct interaction with editors based at those institutions. During the write up of this research, the lead author received funding from the Australian Government through the Australian Research Council (ARC) Discovery Early Career Award (DECRA) Fellowship (DE230100065), and Discovery Project (DP, DP240100602). The views expressed herein are those of the authors and are not necessarily those of the Australian Government or Australian Research Council. This does not alter our adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.