About the Authors

Simone Weber

Contributed equally to this work with: Simone Weber, Victoria Kehl

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Investigation, Writing – original draft

Affiliation Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany

Victoria Kehl

Contributed equally to this work with: Simone Weber, Victoria Kehl

Roles Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – original draft

Affiliation Institute for AI and Informatics in Medicine, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany

Johanna Erber

Roles Investigation, Resources

Affiliations Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Rechts Der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany, German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich, Germany

Karolin I. Wagner

Roles Resources

Affiliation Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany

Ana-Marija Jetzlsperger

Roles Investigation, Resources

Affiliation Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany

Teresa Burrell

Roles Resources

Affiliation Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany

Kilian Schober

Roles Resources

Affiliation Mikrobiologisches Institut–Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany

Philipp Schommers

Roles Resources

Affiliations Medical Faculty and University Hospital Cologne, Department I of Internal Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany, German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Bonn-Cologne, Germany

Max Augustin

Roles Resources

Affiliations Medical Faculty and University Hospital Cologne, Department I of Internal Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany, German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Bonn-Cologne, Germany

Claudia S. Crowell

Roles Investigation

Affiliations Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany, German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich, Germany

Markus Gerhard

Roles Funding acquisition, Resources

Affiliations Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany, German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich, Germany

Christof Winter

Roles Investigation, Resources

Affiliation Institute of Clinicl Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany

Andreas Moosmann

Roles Resources

Affiliations German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich, Germany, Department of Medicine III, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany

Christoph D. Spinner

Roles Investigation, Resources

Affiliations Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Rechts Der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany, German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich, Germany

Ulrike Protzer

Roles Investigation, Resources

Affiliation Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany

Dieter Hoffmann

Roles Investigation, Methodology

Affiliation Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany

Elvira D’Ippolito

Roles Conceptualization, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

‡ These authors also contributed equally to this work.

Affiliation Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany

Dirk H. Busch

Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Supervision, Writing – original draft

dirk.busch@tum.de

‡ These authors also contributed equally to this work.

Affiliations Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany, German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich, Germany

Competing Interests

D.H.B. is co-founder of STAGE Cell Therapeutics GmbH (now Juno Therapeutics/ Celgene) and T Cell Factory B.V. (now Kite/Gilead). D.H.B. has a consulting contract with and receives sponsored research support from Juno Therapeutics, a Bristol Myers Squibb Company. CDS reports grants, personal fees from AstraZeneca, personal fees and non-financial support from BBraun Melsungen, personal fees from BioNtech, grants, personal fees and non-financial support from Gilead Sciences, grants and personal fees from Janssen-Cilag, personal fees from Eli Lilly, personal fees from Formycon, personal fees from Pfizer, personal fees from Roche, other from Apeiron, grants and personal fees from MSD, grants from Cepheid, personal fees from GSK, personal fees from Molecular partners, other from Eli Lilly, personal fees from SOBI during the conduct of the study; personal fees from AbbVie, personal fees from MSD, personal fees from Synairgen, grants and personal fees from ViiV Healthcare, outside the submitted work. C.W. receives personal fees from Daiichi Sankyo and Bristol Myers Squibb. A.M. receives research support from Biosyngen.