About the Authors

L. David Mech

Contributed equally to this work with: L. David Mech, Cheryl S. Asa, Margaret Callahan, Bruce W. Christensen, Fran Smith, Julie K. Young

Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

mechx002@umn.edu

Current address: The Raptor Center, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America

Affiliation U. S. Geological Survey, Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center, Jamestown, North Dakota, United States of America

Cheryl S. Asa

Contributed equally to this work with: L. David Mech, Cheryl S. Asa, Margaret Callahan, Bruce W. Christensen, Fran Smith, Julie K. Young

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Methodology, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Research Department, Saint Louis Zoo, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America

Margaret Callahan

Contributed equally to this work with: L. David Mech, Cheryl S. Asa, Margaret Callahan, Bruce W. Christensen, Fran Smith, Julie K. Young

Roles Data curation, Resources, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Wildlife Science Center, Forest Lake, Minnesota, United States of America

Bruce W. Christensen

Contributed equally to this work with: L. David Mech, Cheryl S. Asa, Margaret Callahan, Bruce W. Christensen, Fran Smith, Julie K. Young

Roles Methodology, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America

Fran Smith

Contributed equally to this work with: L. David Mech, Cheryl S. Asa, Margaret Callahan, Bruce W. Christensen, Fran Smith, Julie K. Young

Roles Methodology, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Smith Veterinary Hospital, Inc., Burnsville, Minnesota, United States of America

Julie K. Young

Contributed equally to this work with: L. David Mech, Cheryl S. Asa, Margaret Callahan, Bruce W. Christensen, Fran Smith, Julie K. Young

Roles Resources, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation U. S. Department of Agriculture, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, Predator Research Facility, Department of Wildland Resources, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.