About the Authors

Lamberto Manzoli

Contributed equally to this work with: Lamberto Manzoli, Maria Elena Flacco

lmanzoli@post.harvard.edu

Affiliations Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University of Chieti, via dei Vestini 5, 66013, Chieti, Italy, Local Health Unit of Pescara, Via Renato Paolini 47, 65100, Pescara, Italy, "University G. d'Annunzio" Foundation, Via Colle dell'Ara, 66013, Chieti, Italy, Regional Healthcare Agency of Abruzzo, Via Attilio Monti 9, 65127, Pescara, Italy

Maria Elena Flacco

Contributed equally to this work with: Lamberto Manzoli, Maria Elena Flacco

Affiliations Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University of Chieti, via dei Vestini 5, 66013, Chieti, Italy, Local Health Unit of Pescara, Via Renato Paolini 47, 65100, Pescara, Italy

Maria Fiore

Affiliation Department "G. F. Ingrassia"- Hygiene and Public Health, University of Catania, Piazza Università 2, 95131, Catania, Italy

Carlo La Vecchia

Affiliation Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Via Vanzetti 5, 20133, Milan, Italy

Carolina Marzuillo

Affiliation Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161, Roma, Italy

Maria Rosaria Gualano

Affiliation Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Turin, Via Santena 5/bis, Turin, 10124, Italy

Giorgio Liguori

Affiliation Department of Movement Sciences and Wellbeing, University Parthenope of Neaples, Via Medina 40, 80133, Napoli, Italy

Giancarlo Cicolini

Affiliation Local Health Authority of Lanciano-Vasto-Chieti, Via Martiri Lancianesi, 66100, Chieti, Italy

Lorenzo Capasso

Affiliations Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University of Chieti, via dei Vestini 5, 66013, Chieti, Italy, "University G. d'Annunzio" Foundation, Via Colle dell'Ara, 66013, Chieti, Italy

Claudio D'Amario

Affiliation Local Health Unit of Pescara, Via Renato Paolini 47, 65100, Pescara, Italy

Stefania Boccia

Affiliation Institute of Public Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Largo Francesco Vito, 1, 00168, Roma, Italy

Roberta Siliquini

Affiliation Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Turin, Via Santena 5/bis, Turin, 10124, Italy

Walter Ricciardi

Affiliations Institute of Public Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Largo Francesco Vito, 1, 00168, Roma, Italy, Italian Institute of Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy

Paolo Villari

Affiliation Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161, Roma, Italy

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: LM MEF CLV RS SB WR PV. Analyzed the data: LM MEF. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: LM MEF. Wrote the paper: LM MEF. Participated in the design, analysis and interpretation of the study: LM MEF MF CLV CM MRG GL GC LC CD SB RS WR PV. Collected baseline and follow-up data, and assisted LM and MEF in data analysis: MF CM MRG GC GL CD LC. Tested CO levels: LM MEF. Guarantor for all data: LM.