Fig 1.
Genetic structure using cytochrome b (CytB) marker of Tadarida brasiliensis population.
(A). The phylogenetic tree displays sequences for T. brasiliensis CytB in the Americas. Tip color represents the country of origin. (B). Cluster of T. brasiliensis CytB sequences in South America. Tip color labels indicate the three Chilean Zones, while text labels indicate the Chilean administrative regions. The map represents the location of T. brasiliensis CytB sequences that clustered together in the phylogenetic tree but had the farthest geographical distance between them. Base layer map was obtained from open-source site Global Administrative Areas (GADM) website (https://gadm.org/) using geodata package in R [71]. (C). Haplotype network for T. brasiliensis CytB sequences in Chile. Nodes represent unique haplotypes. The node size illustrates the haplotype frequency in the population, and colors refer to the percentage of that haplotype in each of the three Chilean zones. Edges indicate genetic distances between haplotypes, where shorter edges represent fewer mutations, while hash marks along edges represent inferred mutational steps between haplotypes.
Fig 2.
Genetic structure of the nucleoprotein (N) gene for rabies virus of Tadarida brasiliensis and other bat species in Chile.
(A). The phylogenetic tree displays rabies virus sequences from T. brasiliensis and other bat species in Chile. Each color-shaded cluster represents a bat-rabies lineage: T. brasiliensis Rabies Virus-South America lineage (TbRV-SA, soft orange), Lasiurus Rabies Virus-South America lineage (LRV-SA, soft grey), Histiotus Rabies Virus-South America lineage (HtRV-SA, soft violet), Myotis Rabies Virus-South America lineage (MyRV-SA, soft yellow). The tip color represents the bat species sampled. (B). Lineage of T. brasiliensis Rabies Virus-South America (TbRV-SA) in Chile. Tip color labels indicate the three Chilean Zones, while text labels indicate the Chilean administrative regions. The map represents the location of TbRV-SA sequences that clustered together in the phylogenetic tree but had the farthest geographical distance between them. Base layer map was obtained from open-source site Global Administrative Areas (GADM) website (https://gadm.org/) using geodata package in R [71]. (C). Haplotype network for T. brasiliensis CytB sequences in Chile. Nodes represent unique haplotypes. The node size illustrates the haplotype frequency in the population, and colors refer to the percentage of that haplotype in each of the three Chilean zones. Edges indicate genetic distances between haplotypes, where shorter edges represent fewer mutations, while hash marks along edges represent inferred mutational steps between haplotypes.
Fig 3.
Genetic structure and spatial distribution of the nucleoprotein (N) gene sequences for non-Tadarida rabies virus in Chile.
(A). Lineages of non-Tadarida rabies virus in Chile. Each figure section represents a bat-rabies lineage: Lasiurus Rabies Virus-South America lineage (LRV-SA, soft grey, top), cluster Histiotus Rabies Virus-South America lineage (HtRV-SA, soft violet, middle), cluster Myotis Rabies Virus-South America lineage (MyRV-SA, soft yellow, bottom). Tip color labels indicate the three Chilean Zones: northern (yellow), central (green), and southern (cyan-blue), while text labels indicate the municipality landscape. Samples without geographic distribution were classified as non-reported (NR). (B). Location of non-Tadarida rabies virus in Central Chile. The color of each geographic point represents the cluster belonging to a bat-rabies lineage: LRV-SA is strong orange, HtRV-SA is muted pink, and MyRV-SA is yellow. The shape represents the bat species sampled. The right map represents the location of non-Tadarida lineages of rabies virus in T. brasiliensis samples in central Chile according to their municipality landscape distribution. Municipality landscapes were categorized as rural (dark blue) or urban (dark green). Base layer map was obtained from open-source site Global Administrative Areas (GADM) website (https://gadm.org/) using geodata package in R [71]. (C). Proportion of sequences from T. brasiliensis bats involved in cross-species transmission (CST) according to the municipality landscape. Bars represent the proportion of sequences sampled from T. brasiliensis (Tb) per non-Tadarida lineage of rabies virus according to its municipality landscape distribution.