Fig 1.
Life cycle of Trichinella spiralis.
Abbreviations: IIL, Intestinal infective larvae; AW, Adult worms; NBL, Newborn larvae; ML, Muscle larvae; L1 (infective larvae) within the nurse cell. Immunohistochemical staining of ML was performed using Trichinella-positive human serum and peroxidase-labeled anti-human immunoglobulin G (HRP-IgG). The reaction was visualized with peroxidase chromogenic substrate 0.05% 3.3’-diaminobenzidine tetrahydrochloride (DAB) (magnification 40x).
Fig 2.
Trichinella spiralis larva encapsulated within a nurse cell in muscle tissue.
Immunohistochemical staining was performed using Trichinella-positive human serum and anti-human HRP-IgG. The reaction was visualized with the peroxidase chromogenic substrate (DAB) (magnification 20×). Labels: (a) Nurse cell nuclei; (b) Collagen capsule; (c) Stichosome; (d) Inflammatory cells.
Fig 3.
Immune responses triggered during the muscular phase of trichinellosis.
(A) Cytokine and chemokine production by Trichinella-specific CD4+ T cells; (B) Cytokine production by Trichinella-specific CD8+ T cells; (C) Serological tests for the diagnosis of trichinellosis—detection of anti-Trichinella IgG antibodies. Abbreviations: Tly, T lymphocyte; Th1, T helper type 1 cell; Th2, T helper type 2 cell; Tc1, Type 1 cytotoxic T lymphocyte; Tc2, Type 2 cytotoxic T cells; IFN-γ, Interferon gamma; IL-4, Interleukin-4; IL-5, Interleukin-5; IL-10, Interleukin-10; IL-13, Interleukin-13; IFN-γ, Interferon gamma; CXCL10, Chemokine (C-X-C motif) Ligand 10; CCL-2, C-C motif ligand 2; IgG, Immunoglobulin G; IFA, Indirect Immunofluorescence Assay; ELISA, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; WB, Western Blot.
Table 1.
Clinical spectrum of trichinellosis.
Table 2.
Diagnostic scheme for estimating the probability of trichinellosis (created according to data interpretation from Refs. [49] and [52]).