Fig 1.
Flowchart for the inclusion of study participants here.
AVT indicates antivenom treatment; CTG – Cold Temperature Group; HTG – Hot Temperature Group; CG – Control Group.
Table 1.
Epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory characteristics of study participants.
Table 2.
Efficacy primary and secondary outcomes.
Fig 2.
Kaplan-Meier survival curves for primary and secondary outcomes in ITT and PP analyses.
(A) Time to 50% reduction in creatine kinase (CK) levels in the Intention to Treat (ITT) analysis. (B) Time to 50% reduction in CK levels in the Per Protocol (PP) analysis. (C) Time to 50% reduction in pain intensity in the ITT analysis. (D) Time to 50% reduction in pain intensity in the PP analysis. (E) Time to normalization of temperature difference (bite site versus contralateral limb) in the ITT analysis. (F) Time to normalization of temperature difference in the PP analysis. Survival curves compare outcomes across the Cold Therapy Group (CTG), Heat Therapy Group (HTG), and Control Group (CG). Log-rank tests were used to assess statistical significance for differences between groups in all panels. Hazard ratios and statistical results are presented in the respective text and tables. Each panel illustrates the cumulative proportion of participants achieving the specified outcome over time, with confidence intervals shaded where applicable.
Table 3.
WHODAS Outcomes (ITT Analysis).