Table 1.
Aedes albopictus sample and sequencing information.
Fig 1.
Populations included in this study.
Continental USA (Florida, California), Southeast Asia (Thailand), and the Pacific Islands (Guam, Hawai‘i, and the Republic of the Marshall Islands). The ortho map was developed in the R statistical environment using the wrld_simpl dataset (https://github.com/nasa/World-Wind-Java/tree/master/WorldWind/testData/shapefiles).
Table 2.
FST value between populations. HK = Hawaii-Kaua‘i, HO = Hawaii-O‘ahu, HM = Hawaii-Maui, IH = Island of Hawaii, RMI = Republic of the Marshall Islands, GU = Guam, FL = Florida, CA = California, and TH = Thailand.
Fig 2.
Results of the Mantel test for A) all population pairs (p = 0.004) and B) Hawaiian population pairs (p = 0.833).
The X-axis represents the geographical distance between two populations, calculated as the great-circle distance, and the Y-axis represents the genetic distance (FST) between the two populations.
Fig 3.
Windowed nucleotide diversity for groups of islands and regions.
Violin plots represent the density distribution, and boxplots indicate the 25th, 50th (median), and 75th percentile. Red dots indicate the average value. HK = Kaua‘i (N = 8), HO = O‘ahu (N = 16), HM = Maui (N = 13), IH = Island of Hawai‘i (N = 56), RMI = Republic of the Marshall Islands (N = 16), GU = Guam (N = 4), FL = Florida (N = 14), CA = California (N = 3), and TH = Thailand (N = 3).
Fig 4.
Principal Component Analysis (PCA).
The left panel has PC1 and PC2 axes, while the right panel has PC3 and PC4 axes, with the percentage of variance explained in parentheses. Colors represent different geographic regions.
Fig 5.
Admixture results with K = 2-4.
Each horizontal panel shows the Admixture results obtained with different K values, where K is the number of genetic ancestral populations. The X-axis indicates different population groups, while the Y-axis represents the proportion of ancestry, ranging from 0 to 1. Each vertical bar represents an individual. The proportion of each color in a vertical bar reflects the estimated ancestry fraction from each ancestry population. HK = Kaua‘i, HO = O‘ahu, HM = Maui, IH = Island of Hawai‘i, RMI = Republic of the Marshall Islands, GU = Guam, FL = Florida, CA = California, and TH = Thailand.
Fig 6.
Phylogeny for Ae. albopictus nuclear (left) and mitochondrial genomes (right) with bootstrap values and linkage of the samples between the two phylogenies.
The color of the sample linkage between the sample genomes corresponds to the primary location of the collection. Bootstrap value percentages >70% are shown, with colors representing increments of ten percentage points. Both phylogenies are rooted by a natal population of Ae. albopictus from Thailand. The nuclear phylogeny was developed using the neighbor-joining method (500 bootstrap replicates), while the mitochondrial phylogeny was developed using the maximum likelihood method (1000 bootstrap replicates). Tips colored yellow are associated with collections from ports of entry (e.g., airports). The substitution model TVM + G(4)+I was used to develop the mitochondrial maximum likelihood phylogeny. Island names consistent with Table 1 are given next to sample name id.