Fig 1.
Sampling localities of Schistosoma mansoni populations from humans and from the water rat Nectomys squamipes in the ENC-SOL (Encanto and Soledade) and PAM (Pamparrão) localities in Sumidouro, state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
The symbols represent the sampling sites, and the colors represent positive (red) and negative (green) hosts (humans or N. squamipes) for Schistosoma mansoni. Software: QGIS 3.22. Source: Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). Continuous cartographic base (2020). Available from: https://www.ibge.gov.br/geociencias/downloads-geociencias.html?caminho=cartas_e_mapas/bases_cartograficas_continuas/bc250/versao2023/; https://www.ibge.gov.br/geociencias/downloads-geociencias.html?caminho=cartas_e_mapas/bases_cartograficas_continuas/bc25/rj/versao2018_edgv_3.0/.
Table 1.
Characteristics of the microsatellite loci used in this study.
Fig 2.
Maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree of Schistosoma mansoni partial MT-CO1 sequences from this study and from GenBank, without outgroup sequences.
The node values are UFBoot, SH-aLRT and BPP supports.
Fig 3.
Timeline containing the number of MT-CO1 sequences of Schistosoma mansoni eggs and adult schistosomes collected from N. squamipes and S. mansoni eggs collected from human feces across the time in each locality of Sumidouro, state of Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil.
Illustration from NIAID NIH BIOART Source (https://bioart.niaid.nih.gov/bioart/54) and Wikimedia Commons Source (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Schistosoma_mansoni_female.png; https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Schistosoma_mansoni_egg_(01).png; https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Man_(13779)_-_The_Noun_Project.svg).
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Table 2.
Genetic diversity indices and neutrality deviation tests (Tajima’s D and Fu’s Fs) for Schistosoma mansoni MT-CO1 sequences from definitive hosts from the PAM and ENC-SOL localities in Sumidouro, state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Fig 4.
Median-joining network for partial MT-CO1 sequence haplotypes of 243 Schistosoma mansoni sequences from the Encanto and Soledade (ENC-SOL) and Pamparrão (PAM) localities in Sumidouro, state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Circle sizes are proportional to haplotype frequencies, and colors represent the definitive hosts of each geographical locality in which haplotypes occur. Each hatch mark along the branches represents one mutation at a step separating haplotypes.
Table 3.
Pairwise FST values for MT-CO1 sequences of Schistosoma mansoni from different definitive hosts (human and rodent) from the PAM and ENC-SOL localities in Sumidouro, state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Fig 5.
Median-joining network for partial MT-CO1 sequence haplotypes of 139 S. mansoni specimens collected between 2001 and 2003 and between 2022 and 2023 in the ENC-SOL locality in Sumidouro, state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Circle sizes are proportional to haplotype frequencies; colors represent the definitive hosts. Each hatch mark along the branch haplotypes represents one mutation at a step separating the haplotypes.
Fig 6.
(A) Population clusters for MT-CO1 haplotypes, based on DAPC, showing differences in haplotype frequencies between localities. (B) Haplotype contributions to differences between localities.
Fig 7.
(A) Population clusters for MT-CO1 haplotypes, based on DAPC, showing differences in haplotype frequencies between definitive hosts. (B) Haplotype contributions to differences between definitive hosts.
Fig 8.
(A) Population clusters for MT-CO1 haplotypes, based on DAPC, showing differences in haplotype frequencies between definitive hosts of different localities. (B) Haplotype contributions to differences between definitive hosts of different localities.
Table 4.
Descriptive statistics of genetic variation of seven microsatellite loci of Schistosoma mansoni of different definitive hosts from the PAM and ENC-SOL localities in Sumidouro, state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Fig 9.
Timeline containing the number of genotyping Schistosoma mansoni specimens for seven microsatellite loci among eggs and adult schistosomes collected from Nectomys squamipes and Schistosoma mansoni eggs collected from human feces over time at each locality in Sumidouro, Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil.
Illustration from NIAID NIH BIOART Source (https://bioart.niaid.nih.gov/bioart/54) and Wikimedia Commons Source (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Schistosoma_mansoni_female.png; https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Schistosoma_mansoni_egg_(01).png; https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Man_(13779)_-_The_Noun_Project.svg).
Table 5.
Pairwise FST values for microsatellite loci of Schistosoma mansoni from different definitive hosts from the PAM and ENC-SOL localities in Sumidouro, state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Fig 10.
(A) Population structure based on microsatellite genotyping of 158 Schistosoma mansoni individuals for K = 2 organized by Nectomys squamipes and human hosts of the Pamparrão locality and Nectomys squamipes and human hosts of the Encanto locality, municipality of Sumidouro, state of Rio de Janeiro. (B) ΔK value for K = 2. (C) Automatically thresholded network (0.13) of Schistosoma mansoni populations, generated with EDENetwork software, based on FST. The edge weight is inversely proportional to the FST value; thicker edges denote lower pairwise FST; edges color tracks thickness.