Fig 1.
Map of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), Pakistan, showing the sampled districts for Aedes mosquito collection.
The elevation gradient (meters) is represented, with lower elevations in blue and higher elevations in red. The mosquito icons indicate the districts where sampling was conducted. The inset map in the upper left highlights KP within Pakistan, while the bottom right inset zooms in on Rustam, a Union Council in the Mardan District. Data sources: DIVA-GIS (https://diva-gis.org/).
Fig 2.
Summary of larval collection from multiple breeding sites/containers across KP, where the two letter subscripts represents: BT: Bucket, CB: Can & bottle, CD: Car wash dicks, CM: Cement basin, CS: Canals, DC: Disposable container, DT: Discarded Rubber tyres, EP: Earthen pot, FP: Flower pot, PB: Plastic bowls, RT: Rubber tyres, RW: Rooftop water, TW: Tube wells, WD: Water dispenser, WS: Water storing drums, WT: Water tanks.
The y-axis represents the log10-transformed counts of larvae per container type. The black points indicate data points, while the colored points show mean values with 95% confidence intervals based on bootstrapped standard errors.
Fig 3.
The box plot representing cumulative distribution of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus larvae across different container placement (outdoors, indoors, and roof tops), irrespective of container type.
The P values (at 5% level of significance) were computed using the Chi Square test statistic for independence. Notched Boxplots showing the significant differences in larval indices between A. aegypti and A. albopictus. The p-values represent the results of statistical tests comparing the two species, indicating inter-species differences rather than associations with external factors such as climatic conditions or container types. The boxes represent the interquartile range (IQR), the horizontal line inside each box represents the median, and the whiskers extend to the minimum and maximum values within 1.5 times the IQR. Outliers are shown as individual points. The notches represent approximate 95% confidence intervals for the medians, and the appearance of the lower quantile line being higher than the edges of the box is due to the notch design, not an error. The boxes represent the interquartile range (IQR), the horizontal line inside each box indicates the median, and the whiskers extend to the minimum and maximum values within 1.5 times the IQR.
Table 1.
Entomological indicators and dengue incidence during the July–December 2021 outbreak in KP.
Fig 4.
Stegomyia indices across various districts in the province.
Fig 5.
Maps showing the distribution of Ae. aegypti (panel a, left) and Ae. albopictus (panel b, right) (adults and larvae) across Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province. Panel (c) illustrates dengue incidence per 100,000 population in the province.
The shapefile for these maps was sourced from DIVA-GIS (https://diva-gis.org/).
Table 2.
Regression analysis of the association between dengue incidence, population density, and stegomyia indices.
Table 3.
Identification and infection rates of dengue virus in adult Aedes mosquito species.