Fig 1.
Reductions in the estimated total dog populations were targeted through sterilization programs, starting with an initial 500 dogs in 2023.
This resulted in varied sterilization coverage across different types of dogs, ranging from 13% to 49%.
Fig 2.
Estimated costs of dog sterilization and vaccination from 2023 to 2027.
(a) Estimated cumulative five-year costs of sterilization. (b) Cumulative five-year costs of rabies vaccination at 70% coverage for the entire population. Where: the different target groups for sterilization are scenario I) Owned Dogs, II) Free-Roaming Dogs, III) Owned Female Dogs, IV) Free-Roaming Female Dogs, and V) All Female Dogs.
Fig 3.
Incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) plane of five scenarios for combined sterilization and 70% coverage vaccination to control the dog population.
Fig 4.
Reported dog population by a survey conducted between 2019 and 2022 in Khao Sam Yot, Mueang Lopburi district, Lopburi province.
(a) Numbers of owned and stray dogs. (b) Number of vaccinated and sterilized dogs.
Fig 5.
(a) Schematic concept of mating process. (b) Dog population model and interventions for each type of dog (i.e., indoor, outdoor, or stray dogs). Where: M, male dog; F, female dog; P, puppy; A, adult; E, elderly; UV, unvaccinated; V, vaccinated; St, sterilized.
Table 1.
Scenario analysis of alternative sterilization programs.