Fig 1.
(A) Percentage range of people infected with Schistosomiasis, ESPEN-WHO
[13] [accessed 09/05/2024]; the maps are updated annually and based on data sharing from countries; for countries indicated as “No data available” (e.g., South Africa) this is in reference to the indicated year, otherwise WHO has baseline data for those countries, and (B) Distribution of dams and reservoirs: FAO Geoportal database; survey data [4,14].
Fig 2.
Flow diagram of article search and data extraction process for African countries.
Fig 3.
Heat map chart of dams and irrigation schemes with schistosomiasis occurrence in Africa included in the study with evidence gaps.
Table 1.
Implementation of engineering infrastructure and biological snail control measures at different phases.
Fig 4.
Overall prevalence of schistosomiasis in Egypt during the period 1935-2006 (Source: the National Schistosomiasis Control Program, quoted from WHO).
Fig 5.
Decline in schistosomiasis cases, Morocco 1982 – 2010 (Sources: Annual Reports of the National Program against Schistosomiasis, Ministry of Health, [
56]).
Table 2.
Key snail control practices for dams and irrigation schemes.
Fig 6.
Integrated schistosomiasis control approaches recommended for areas with man-made water bodies (schistosomiasis control shown in the center requires overarching integrated control categories as shown in the inner ring/circle with corresponding appropriate intervention-types shown in the outer ring/circle).