Fig 1.
Malaria trend by Plasmodium species in the study sites in the last five years.
The five-year proportion of P. vivax in the study sites is indicated together with the number of reported cases (by species) from the study sites (using DHIS2 data from 2018–2022). The bar plots depict the prevalence of P. vivax and P. falciparum (left Y-axes) for each year (X-axes) in the study sites. The trend lines (right Y-axes) show the proportion of P. vivax by year. The map indicates the study sites with altitude.
Table 1.
Characteristics of the study participants.
Fig 2.
Geographical distributions of the Duffy genotype and PvDBP copy numbers among P. vivax infected participants, Ethiopia.
The pie charts at each site represent the proportion of Duffy genotypes (a), PvDBP copy numbers (b), and bar graphs illustrating the relationship between Duffy genotypes and CNV of PvDBP (c). The Y-axis in the figure panel (c) implies the proportion of individuals with Duffy blood group for each CNV.
Table 2.
P. vivax parasitemia association with age group, Duffy genotype, and PvDBP gene copy number.
Fig 3.
Comparisons of parasitemia with clinical status, age, Duffy genotypes, PvDBP gene copy numbers of samples based on qPCR assays.
The distribution of parasitemia is shown for symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals (A), age groups (B), Duffy genotypes (C), and PvDBP copy numbers (D) and comparison between groups using the Wilcoxon rank sum test (A) and Kruskal test (B to D). P-values were obtained by Dunnett tests, with P. vivax parasitemia (in Log10 Pv18S copies per microliter) as the outcome and age groups, Duffy status, or PvDBP copy numbers as predictors.