Table 1.
Primers for SjHAT quantitative real-time PCR.
Fig 1.
Changes in the viability of S. japonicum male worms in vitro.
Adult male worms were exposed to different concentrations of A485, C646, curcumin, PZQ and DW-3-15 for 72h in vitro. The viability was evaluated using a viability score of 0–3. The control group was incubated with complete DMEM with 0.1% DMSO. The data were presented as the means ± SEs from multiple-group experiments. Statistical analysis was performed by one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s test. Significant differences were indicated by *P<0.05, **P<0.005 and #P<0.0001.
Table 2.
In vitro effect of different concentrations of HAT inhibitors on male adult worms of Schistosoma japonicum.
Fig 2.
Changes in the viability of S. japonicum female worms in vitro.
Adult female worms were exposed to different concentrations of A485, C646, curcumin, PZQ and DW-3-15 for 72h in vitro. The viability was evaluated using a viability score of 0–3. The control group was incubated with complete DMEM with 0.1% DMSO. The data were presented as the means ± SEs from multiple-group experiments. Statistical analysis was performed by one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s test. Significant differences were indicated by *P<0.05, **P<0.001 and #P<0.0001.
Table 3.
In vitro effect of different concentrations of HAT inhibitors on female adult worms of Schistosoma japonicum.
Fig 3.
Changes in the viability of S. japonicum juveniles in vitro.
Juveniles were exposed to different concentrations of A485, C646, curcumin, PZQ and DW-3-15 for 72h in vitro. The viability was evaluated using a viability score of 0–3. The control group was incubated with complete DMEM with 0.1% DMSO. The data were presented as the means ± SEs from multiple-group experiments. Statistical analysis was performed by one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s test. Significant differences were indicated by *P<0.05, **P<0.005 and #P<0.0001.
Table 4.
In vitro effect of different concentrations of HAT inhibitors at on juveniles of Schistosoma japonicum.
Fig 4.
Scanning electron micrographs of the tegument of S. japonicum males in the control group.
(A) Gentle panorama of a male worm in the control group after incubation in complete DMEM for 72h; (B) normal morphology of the gynecophoral canal of the male worm: the tegument is intact, and the crests with sensory papillae (SPs) are uniform along the body; (C) integrated outer wall of the gynecophoral canal: the crests and papillae (SPs) are typical; (D) ventral sucker: the spines are uniformly arranged; (E)-(F) numerous tegumental crests with sensory papillae (SPs) distributed orderly along the body surface. Scale bars: A: 1 mm; B: 50 μm; C: 50 μm; D: 5 μm; E: 5 μm; F: 5 μm.
Fig 5.
Scanning electron micrographs of the tegument of male S. japonicum worms exposed to 100 μM curcumin for 72h.
(A) The whole worm was swollen and shrunken; (B) hole-shaped erosions appear on the outside wall of the gynecophoral canal; (C) extensive sloughing (SL) is observed on the inner wall of the gynecophoral canal; (D) disarrangement, fusion and collapse of the spines in the ventral sucker are obvious; (E)-(F) swelling and fusion of the crests on the mid-body tegument are prominent. Scale bars: A: 1 mm; B: 100 μm; C: 50 μm; D: 3 μm; E: 10 μm; F: 50 μm.
Fig 6.
Transcriptional changes in SjHAT after treatment with different concentrations of A485, C646 and curcumin in males (A), females (B) and juveniles (C) of S. japonicum detected by real-time quantitative PCR.
The control group was incubated with complete DMEM with 0.1% DMSO. ‘Cur’ represents the curcumin treatment group. *represents a significant difference compared to the control group, P<0.05. **represents a significant difference compared to the control group, P<0.005. ***represents a significant difference compared to the control group, P<0.0001. ‘ns’ represents no difference compared with the control group.