Fig 1.
DBV life cycle and host immune responses.
The attachment of the virus to host cell receptors and subsequent entry into the cell are facilitated by viral glycoproteins and mediated through clathrin-dependent endocytosis. The process of endocytosis leads to the formation of the endosomes that encapsulate the virus. As the pH value within the endosome decreases, it induces conformational changes in the glycoprotein structure on the viral surface, facilitating membrane fusion and subsequent release of the viral genome. RdRp and NPs are involved in viral RNA replication, followed with the transportation to Golgi complexes where they will interact with newly translated glycoproteins to commence assembly processes. The newly synthesized viruses are released from the Golgi apparatus to infect neighboring cells and trigger immune responses. Neutralizing antibodies secreted by B cells primarily bind to Gn and Gc, while non-neutralizing antibodies bind to Np. Additionally, cytotoxic T cells recognize and eliminate the infected cells.
Table 1.
The process of current vaccine development against DBV.