Fig 1.
A flow diagram depicting basic experimental framework for the trap experiments.
Figure created using biorender.com (www.biorender.com [accessed 01/02/24]).
Fig 2.
An example of an Nzi trap with trap cage at the apex (A) and detail of a Glossina sp. captured within the trap cage (B).
Table 1.
Trypanosome detection primers used in the study.
Fig 3.
Box-and-whisker plots showing Cq value data from T. brucei (A) multi-copy target TBR-qPCR screening and (B) single-copy target PLC-qPCR screening of infected flies (IF) and naïve (UF) across four trap types (T1-T3, C0). C0 A+B were placed within close proximity (< 1 metre) of experiments (T1-3), C0 C was placed in a separate room. This was to test localised airborne DNA contamination. Crosses represent the mean Cq values. Grey bars display proportion of samples recording amplification using respective qPCR assays.
Fig 4.
Plots displaying Cq values for field-caught flies.
(A) shows TBR-qPCR Cq values (circular, black symbol) for all field flies where DNA was available (n = 640). (B) shows PLC-qPCR Cq values (triangular, red symbol) for a subset of field flies with TBR-qPCR Cq <22.13 and where DNA was available (n = 45). (C) shows comparison of TBR-qPCR Cq values from female (circular symbol, n = 428) and male (diamond symbol, n = 212) in field-caught flies. There was no significant difference in median TBR-qPCR Cq values from females (median = 26.22) and males (median = 25.97, p = 0.5336). For all plots (A, B, C) grey boxplot shows median and 1–99% percentiles, error bars display range. The red dotted horizontal lines represent the Cq cut offs of 22.13 for TBR (A, C) and 25.36 for PLC (B).
Table 2.
A table detailing sex, transect and TBR-PCR positive results breakdown of field-caught tsetse by species (Glossina sp.).
Table 3.
A table displaying calculations of Cq cut-offs based on TBR-qPCR and PLC-qPCR screening of 45 infected flies (IFs), confirmed as midgut infection-positive by microscopy.
Fig 5.
Catches where >95% of trapped flies were collected and screened and total catch >1 (n = 19). Arranged in order of proportion of TBR +ve flies (L-R, largest to smallest).
(A) shows TBR-qPCR Cq values (circular, black symbol) for each fly sample in each catch. (B) shows PLC-qPCR Cq values (triangular, red symbol) for each fly sample in each catch that also had a TBR-qPCR Cq value <22.13 and had DNA available. Grey bars (right axes) represent the proportion (%) of flies in each catch testing TBR-PCR positive. The red dotted horizontal lines represent the Cq cut offs of 22.13 for TBR (A) and 25.36 for PLC (B).