Table 1.
Characteristics of the study participants.
The patient’s characteristics were not available for all individuals (only for 1002 out of 1073).
Fig 1.
Sequence differences between alleles detected among TPE-containing samples from Namatanai, Papua New Guinea.
The SE22 genotype is highly related to the sequence of TPE Samoa D, a strain isolated initially in Polynesia in 1953 [17] and sequenced later [15]. The TE allele was divergent from TPE Samoa D and TP0858 allele 3. The TP0858 allele 3 appears to result from the intragenomic reshuffling of the TP0856 locus, a mechanism suggested earlier [18]. The predominant JE11 genotype resembles the TPE Samoa D sequence except for allele TP0858, which was described as recombinant in the Indonesian TPE strain Kampung Dalan K363 [18]. The numbers above nucleotide positions indicate gene coordinates in the TPE Samoa D.
Table 2.
MLST typing of TPE-containing isolates from Namatanai, Papua New Guinea.
Fig 2.
Geographical locations of detected genotypes in sampled wards in Namatanai, Papua New Guinea.
The map is based on information from 164 participants from the first round. The minor TE13 genotype was only detected in two neighboring wards in the central part of the sampled Namatanai District and in one patient who was coinfected with both JE11 and TE13 genotypes from the northern part. The SE22 genotype was detected in four individual wards relatively distant from each other. This map was constructed using QGIS 3.28.0, baselayer made with Natural Earth. Free vector and raster map data @ naturalearthdata.com.
Table 3.
Association of TPE PCR-positivity and TPE genotypes with patient characteristics.
Fig 3.
Modular structure of TPE TP0858 alleles 1, 2, and 3 from TPE-containing samples from Namatanai, Papua New Guinea.
While TP0858 allele 2 has a modular structure similar to TPE Samoa D, TP0858 allele 1 has a similar modular structure as Kampung Dalan K363 [18]. The TP0858 allele 3 represents a novel allele with a unique modular structure. The arrows denote recombinant regions. The figure was modified according to Strouhal et al. (2018) [18], and an additional donor site is shown. All sequences shown correspond to the Samoa D sequences, while the sequences determined in this study differ in several nucleotide positions. Not all identified donor sites were found among TPE strains and isolates.
Fig 4.
A. Modular structure of TPE TP0136 alleles D, E, and U from TPE-containing samples from Namatanai, Papua New Guinea. Both alleles D and E (shown in bold) have identical modular structures with TPE CDC-2, CDC2575, Ghana-051, LMNP-1, and Fribourg-Blanc; however, both alleles D and E differ in several individual nucleotide positions. Allele U (shown in bold) has a different modular structure identical to TPE Samoa D and Gauthier. For comparison, the modular structure of TP0136 from Indonesian TPE strains Kampung Dalan K363 and Sei Geringging K403 and TPA strain SS14 have different modular structures [18]. B. Sequences of individual repeat motifs. Please note that the r0 motif does not repeat in TPE but was found repetitive in TPA TP0136 from a clinical isolate from the Czech Republic (Allelic profile: 18.1.1; [24]). The figure was modified according to Strouhal et al. (2018) [18].
Table 4.
Comparison of a new MLST typing scheme with the previous MLST and CDC typing schemes.