Fig 1.
Occurrence and incidence of envenoming with Bothrops snakes in Brazil (2012–2021).
A) Map indicating the cumulative occurrence rates for the study period according to the state. B) Map indicating the cumulative occurrence rates for the study period according to region. C) Map showing the average incidence rates calculated by state (*envenoming/100,000 inhabitants). D) Map showing the average incidence rates calculated by region (*envenoming/100,000 inhabitants). The shapefiles for the municipalities, states and country, used for the creation of this map, were extracted from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (https://www.ibge.gov.br/geociencias/todos-os-produtos-geociencias/15774-malhas.html).
Table 1.
Annual occurrence of envenoming with Bothrops snakes among the five regions of Brazil (North, Northeast, South, Southeast and Midwest) during 2012–2021.
Fig 2.
A) Ranking of states with the highest occurrences associated with Bothrops spp. between 2012 and 2021. B) Trends in the annual occurrence of Bothrops envenoming according to the region of the country. The R2 indicates how close the data are to the calculated linear regression line. C) Ranking of the 3 states with the highest incidence rates. The solid lines connecting the state names indicate that the state’s ranking position has been maintained from one year to the next, while the dashed lines indicate that the position has changed. Relative changes are shown according to annual incidence accompanied by green arrows indicating increase and red arrows indicating decrease.
Fig 3.
General characteristics of the population affected by Bothrops envenoming between 2012 and 2021 in Brazil.
A) Ethnical characteristics of envenoming victims by region of the country. B) Population affected by envenoming according to gender (female or male). C) Age range of victims (groups: <1 year, between 1–4, 5–9, 10–14, 15–19, 20–39, 40–59, 60–64, 65–69, 70–79, 80 and >80 years).
Table 2.
Access fatality rates (CFR)/100,000 inhabitants in % in Brazil according to region of the country.
Table 3.
Anatomical location of the bite in Brazil (2012–2021), according to region of the country.
Table 4.
Symptomatology of envenoming by Bothrops snakes in Brazil (2012–2021), classified into local manifestations and complications and systemic manifestations and complications.
Fig 4.
Temporal itineraries of patients bite by Bothrops spp. graphically expressed by region from the moment of the bite until hospitalization (2012–2021).
The different colors of the fragments of each itinerary represent the time that the patients took from the moment of the bite until admission to the toxicological center that provided adequate Antivenom treatment.
Fig 5.
Spatial distribution of reference health centers for handling Bothrops snakebites in Brazil, by incidence of envenoming per municipalities and regions.
The shapefiles for the municipalities, states and country, used for the creation of this map, were extracted from IBGE (https://www.ibge.gov.br/geociencias/todos-os-produtos-geociencias/15774-malhas.html). And the shapefile for the points representing the antivenom distribution were created by the authors using the addresses available at https://www.gov.br/saude/pt-br/assuntos/saude-de-a-a-z/a/animais-peconhentos/hospitais-de-referencia-para-atendimento.