Fig 1.
Trichuris trichiura complete mitogenome circular map showing annotated features.
Schematic representation of the mitogenome including 13 Protein coding genes, 2 rRNAs and 22 tRNAs. AT-rich region that span 6× longer than reference mitogenomes lies between nd1 and nd2. Inner most ring shows the GC content and GC skew of each regions.
Table 1.
Features of de novo assembled Trichuris trichiura mitogenomes from Korean patients and published reference mitogenomes.
Table 2.
Variants called in each gene region between our mitogenomes and the reference sequence.
*gene length of each PCGs in the TTCN mitogenome | ** variant ratio = gene variant count / gene length (bp).
Fig 2.
Heatmap of mitogenome variability.
Pairwise results of concatenated PCGs, cox1 region, and rrn L region of our assembled mitogenomes (TTK1-K3) and of Japan (TTJP), China (TTCN), and Uganda (TTUG) reference mitogenomes.
Fig 3.
Genetic similarities between our assembled mitogenomes and the reference mitogenomes.
(A) Venn diagrams showing the unique and shared single nucleotide variations (SNVs) of TTK1 mitogenome in relation to each reference mitogenome. (B) Principal component analysis (PCA) using average nucleotide identity of each mitogenome.
Fig 4.
Maximum likelihood tree showing the amount of genetic variability that has occurred between Trichuris species extracted from pigs, human and non-human primates.
Analysis is based on cox1 genes of our assembled sequence together with sequences reported and used by Cavallero et al., 2019 [37] and Doyle et al., 2022 [38]. A total of 106 sequences were used including the outgroup. Bootstrap values of branches with less than 85 value were not presented. Triangles represent collapsed cluster of group of taxa or clade within the tree.
Fig 5.
Maximum likelihood tree showing the amount of genetic variability that has occurred between Trichuris species extracted from human and non-human primates.
Analysis is based on rrnL genes of our assembled sequence together with sequences reported and used by Cavallero et al., 2019 [37] and Doyle et al., 2022 [38]. A total of 98 sequences were used including the outgroup. Bootstrap values of branches with less than 60 value were not presented. Triangles represent collapsed cluster of group of taxa or clade within the tree.
Fig 6.
Maximum likelihood tree showing the amount of genetic variability between Trichuris species extracted from human and non-human primates.
Analysis is based on nd1 genes of our assembled sequence together with sequences reported and used by Cavallero et al., 2019 [37] and Doyle et al., 2022 [38]. A total of 39 sequences were used including the outgroup. Bootstrap values of branches with less than 60 value were not presented. Triangles represent collapsed cluster of group of taxa or clade within the tree.