Fig 1.
Location of Aedes aegypti populations sampled.
Pie charts indicate the proportion of genetic ancestry assigned to individuals of each population by the Bayesian clustering method. Colors in the pie chart indicate the genetic ancestries. The state boundary shape file was obtained from the survey of India (https://onlinemaps.surveyofindia.gov.in/FreeOtherMaps.aspx) and the map was created using DIVA-GIS (https://www.diva-gis.org/).
Table 1.
Geographical characteristics and genetic diversity estimate of Ae. aegypti populations collected from different geographical regions of India.
Fig 2.
Heatmap of pairwise-Fst values of 22 Aedes aegypti populations from India genotyped using 10 microsatellite loci.
Location codes are as given in Table 1.
Fig 3.
Genetic clustering of 22 Aedes aegypti populations from India based on microsatellites data, A) Principal Coordinate Analysis (PCoA) based on genetic distance between populations, B) Hierarchical Clustering on Principal Components (HCPC) plot for population-wise genetic data, C) Neighbor-joining tree based on corrected genetic distance (dst) between 22 populations constructed using POPTREE. Location codes are as given in Table 1.
Fig 4.
STRUCTURE analysis A) Delta K values for different number of populations assumed (K) in the structure analysis. Results of individual assignment tests for the 22 Aedes aegypti populations from India based on STRUCTURE analysis with LOCPRIOR model assuming B) K = 2 and C) K = 3. Each vertical bar represents one individual and the colors depict the genetic ancestry.
Fig 5.
Isolation-by-distance (IBD) A) Mantel test between pair-wise genetic distance (Fst/(1-Fst)) and geographical distance between 22 Aedes aegypti populations from India, B) Correlogram plots obtained from spatial autocorrelation analysis for all the 22 Aedes aegypti populations. The autocorrelation index (r) is shown as a solid black line. Upper (U) and lower (L) values of 95% confidence interval are shown as two dotted lines. A 95% confidence interval determined by bootstrapping is shown as an error bar on the r graph.
Fig 6.
Full redundancy analysis plot showing the impact of climatic and geographic variables on genetic structuring of 22 Aedes aegypti populations from India.
Table 2.
Summary of Redundancy analysis (RDA).
* Indicate significant variables (p<0.05) based on 1000 permutations.