Fig 1.
Aedes albopictus sample collection sites in Shanghai, China. a. Schematic map of China showing the location of Shanghai. b. Schematic map of Shanghai showing sampling sites.
CM, Chongming District; FX, Fengxian District; QP, Qingpu District; XH, Xuhui District; SJ, Songjiang District; PT, Putuo District; YH, Yuanhang Road in Pudong District; JS, Jinshan District; JD, Jiading District; HK, Hongkou District; MH, Minhang District; CX, Changxing Island in Chongming District; PD, Pudong District; JA, Jing’an District; YP, Yangpu District; CN, Changning District; HP, Huangpu District. The map was made using ArcGIS 10.8 (https://www.arcgis.com/) and Adobe Photoshop 2020. The basemap source was the National Platform for Common Geospatial Information Services (https://www.tianditu.gov.cn/)).
Table 1.
The collection information of Ae. albopictus in Shanghai, China.
Table 2.
List of primers for PCR amplification of DNA sequences of Domain II, III, IV in VGSC gene [17].
Table 3.
The mutation frequency of Ae. albopictus in collection sites.
Fig 2.
Histogram of mutant allele frequency in the VGSC gene of Ae. albopictus populations in Shanghai, China.
A. Mutant allele frequencies at codon 1016, 1532, and 1534 of VGSC. Allele frequencies contained V1016G, I1532T, and the summed frequencies of F1534S, F1534C, and F1534I. B. Mutant allele frequency at codon 1534 of VGSC. FX, Fengxian District; JS, Jinshan District; QP, Qingpu District; CM, Chongming District; PD, Pudong District; YP, Yangpu District; HK, Hongkou District; JD, Jiading District; SJ, Songjiang District; YH, Yuanhang Road in Pudong District; CX, Changxing Island in Chongming District; CN, Changning District; XH, Xuhui District; PT, Putuo District; MH, Minhang District; JA, Jing’an District.
Table 4.
Alleles and genotypes at codon 1016 of VGSC gene in Ae. albopictus from Shanghai China.
Table 5.
Alleles and genotypes at codon 1532 of VGSC gene in Ae. albopictus from Shanghai China.
Table 6.
Alleles and genotypes at codon 1534 of VGSC gene in Ae. albopictus from Shanghai China.
Table 7.
Simultaneous mutations at codon V1016G, I1532T, and F1534S in Ae. albopictus from Shanghai China.
Table 8.
The number of individuals with introns and kdr mutation genotypes in Domain III.
Fig 3.
Phylogenetic tree of introns in Domain III of the VGSC gene in Ae. albopictus Shanghai populations.
Table 9.
The area of districts in Shanghai China and the amount of pyrethroid insecticides usage.
Table 10.
The kdr mutation frequency of Shanghai in 2017[24], 2018[37] and 2019[36] from published information.