Fig 1.
Geographical areas used for sampling were located in the north of China, and were divided mainly on the basis of different ecological and environmental characteristics. Sampling area 1 was a mainly forested habitat, sampling area 2 was a grassland habitat, and sampling area 3 was the semi-desertification steppe / Gobi Desert. The tick sampling collection period was from May 2015 until June 2019. ①—Sampling area 1 covering two leagues: Hulunbuir and Hinggan. ②—Sampling area 2 including Hohhot, Ulanqab and Xilin Gol, Tongliao and Chifeng. ③—Sampling area 3 including Baotou, Wuhai, Ordos, Bayan Nur, and Alxa. Map source: National Earth System Science Data Center (http://www.geodata.cn/data/datadetails.html?dataguid=223718677040067&docid=4590).
Table 1.
DNA primers used in this study.
Table 2.
Tick Collection and co-infections.
Table 3.
Pathogen identified in co-infected Tick samples.
Table 4.
Pathogen co-infection type in Tick samples.