Fig 1.
Multivariate analysis of metabolite profiles from mouse serum after T. spiralis infection, using partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA).
Violet, green, blue, and orange dots represent data from before infection, and 2-, 4-, and 8-weeks PI, respectively. QC samples were presented in yellow dots. PLS-DA showed good discrimination of metabolite profiles between different timepoints of T. spiralis infection.
Fig 2.
Heatmap analysis of serum metabolites after T. spiralis infection.
X-axis represents experimental groups and Y-axis represents metabolite features. Red and blue color indicates higher and lower relative level, respectively. Heatmap shows dissimilar patterns of metabolite features from before infection, and 2-, 4-, and 8-weeks PI.
Table 1.
Top-5 putative metabolites from each time-point after T. spiralis infection (ranked by fold change).
Table 2.
Top 15 putative metabolites from all time-points after T. spiralis infection (ranked by adjusted p-value those had fold change ± 2.0).
Fig 3.
Enrichment of metabolite classes from serum of T. spiralis-infected mice at different timepoints.
(A) Enrichment by super-class chemical structure. (B) Enrichment by main-class chemical structure. (C) Enrichment by sub-class chemical structure. Red brackets indicated glycerophospholipid species.
Fig 4.
Pathway analysis of metabolomic data and integrated proteomic and metabolomic data (A) Metabolomic data for 2-weeks PI; (B) Metabolomic data for 4-weeks PI; (C) Metabolomic data for 8-weeks PI; (D) Combined proteomic and metabolomic data for 2-weeks PI; (E) Combined proteomic and metabolomic data for 4-weeks PI; (F) Combined proteomic and metabolomic data for 8-weeks PI. Among all identified pathways, glycerophospholipid metabolism pathway was significantly presented at 2-, and 8-weeks PI with high pathway impact. The pathway analysis highlights glycerophospholipid metabolism as the potential pathway involving with trichinellosis.
Fig 5.
Glycerophospholipid species that are potential biomarkers of early trichinellosis according to metabolomic analysis (A) PE (19:0/16:0); (B) PG (O-18:0/22:6(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)); (C) PS (O-18:0/18:3(6Z,9Z,12Z)); (D) PS (12:0/15:0); (E) PS (18:1(9E)/18:1(9E))[U]; (F) PS (18:1(9Z)/18:1(9Z)); (G) PS(18:2(9Z,12Z)/18:0)[U]; (H) PS (18:1(9Z)/18:1(9Z)) [U]. * p-value < 0.01.