Fig 1.
The study’s flowchart, according to PRISMA guidelines.
Table 1.
Summary of the information gathered on the spatiotemporal distribution of P. (Par.) sergenti in Morocco, Turkey, Palestine, Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Iran, Pakistan, Spain, Portugal, Italy, Georgia, and Cyprus.
Fig 2.
The geographic location where data on P.
(Par.) sergenti are published. Sites with data on the seasonal density of P (Par.). sergenti and the annual precipitation (mm). Phlebotomus (Phlebotomus) papatasi geographic distribution data were extracted in a previously published work [55]. Precipitation data were collected at ESRI grids, resolution 10 min according to WorldClim 1.4 (current conditions), http://worldclim.com/current; [56]). Boundaries were adapted and modified from Open Data Soft https://public.opendatasoft.com/explore/dataset/world-administrative-boundaries/export/.
Fig 3.
According to data collected on seasonal activity investigation, the geographic distribution of P.
(Par.) sergenti. A Mono-modal, bimodal or trimodal distribution of the normalized sand fly activity has been recorded from data extracted from 35 published scientific works. Boundaries were adapted and modified from Open Data Soft https://public.opendatasoft.com/explore/dataset/world-administrative-boundaries/export/.
Fig 4.
Seasonal P. (Par.) sergenti density (normalized values) recorded in southern European countries (Spain, Italy, Portugal, Cyprus) and Georgia as revealed by our meta-analysis Data collected from different studies performed in the same locality are grouped in the same figure.
Fig 5.
Seasonal P. (Par.) sergenti density (normalized values) extracted for Morocco, North Africa, as revealed by our meta-analysis. Data collected from different studies performed in the same locality are grouped in the same figure. Asia, western Asia.
Turkey’s bimodal sand fly density distributions are recorded (Figs 3 and 6 and Table 1). In the Curkova area, two series of data collected in 2007 and from 2011 to 2012 were extracted from the literature. Both display a bimodal distribution of P. (Par.) sergenti density, with maximum peaks occurring in June, July, and September.
Fig 6.
Seasonal P. (Par.) sergenti density (normalized values) extracted for western Asian countries (Turkey, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Palestine), as revealed by our meta-analysis. Data collected from different studies performed in the same locality are grouped in the same figure. Southern Asia.
Data on the seasonal activity of P. (Par.) sergenti were gathered from various geographic areas with indoor or outdoor sampling (Fig 7).
Fig 7.
The seasonal P. (Par.) sergenti density (normalized values) extracted for southern Asia countries. Sites from the same locality were gathered in a single graph.
Fig 8.
The seasonal density of P. (Par.) sergenti (normalized values) was extracted from data collected for Iran.
Fig 9.
Cumulative normalized seasonal density of P. (Par.) sergenti in the 12 countries included in the study.
Normalized densities were pooled from the 63 locations in 12 countries collected in various habitats (indoor-outdoor) using a panel of trapping methods (Light, sticky, or CO2 traps, aspirator…) (A) Normalized densities were pooled from 10 locations in countries (Morocco, Pakistan, Iran, and Georgia) indoor habitat and 9 locations in 3 countries (Morocco, Pakistan, Iran) for outdoor habitat; (B) Mixed data (Indoor and outdoor) of the 63 locations.
Table 2.
Seasonal P. (Par.) sergenti density according to the latitude. The month with the highest relative density in the 63 locations was reported as a function of the latitude.
Fig 10.
P. (Par.) sergenti seasonal activity according to (a) Altitude- Latitude and (b), Altitude-Longitude.