Fig 1.
Location map and administrative boundaries of Bhopal city, Madhya Pradesh, India (Source of shapefile: http://projects.datameet.org/Municipal_Spatial_Data/).
Fig 2.
Month wise distribution of dengue cases in Bhopal city (2012–2019).
A) Month wise percentage contribution of dengue cases. B) Month wise box plot distribution of dengue case incidence per 10,000 inhabitants (The box comprises 50% of the distribution, the line within the box is the median value, borderlines are the first and the third quartile, and the small circles are the outliers. February, March, June, and July had outliers).
Table 1.
Demographic characteristics of notified dengue cases in Bhopal city (2012–2019).
Fig 3.
Ward wise spatial distribution of dengue cases (2012–2019) indicating significant hotspots and coldspots in Bhopal city.
The hotspots are shown in the map as shades of red to highlight the geographic areas where the clustering of dengue cases occurred. Similarly, coldspots with negative Z-scores are shown in blue to indicate areas where fewer-than-expected dengue cases were observed. (Source of shapefile: http://projects.datameet.org/Municipal_Spatial_Data/).
Fig 4.
Time–series plots of weekly dengue cases, weekly cumulative rainfall, relative humidity, absolute humidity and mean temperature (2012–2019).
Fig 5.
Association of dengue incidence with different ranges of meteorological variables.
A) RR by lag weeks at different rainfall (mm) levels. B) RR by lag weeks at different mean temperature (°C). C) RR by lag weeks at different AH (g/m3). D) RR by lag weeks at different RH (%). The solid green line is the estimated linear curve, with shaded region indicating its 95% confidence interval.
Table 2.
LULC Matrix for changes in hectares (ha) in different land cover class (2014 to 2020).
Table 3.
Hierarchical multiple regression analysis with backward elimination of landscape variables on dengue incidence in Bhopal city.