Fig 1.
Decision tree to estimate economic and disease burden of snakebite in ASEAN countries.
Abbreviation: ADR–adverse drug reaction.
Table 1.
Estimated annual disease burden of snakebite in ASEAN countries.
Fig 2.
Estimated annual epidemiological burden of snakebite in ASEAN countries.
The estimated incidence of snakebite ranged from the lowest in Malaysia (10.68 per 100,000 population) to the highest in Lao PDR (200.00 per 100,000 population). The estimated mortality of snakebite envenoming ranged from the lowest in Thailand (0.006 per 100,000 population) to the highest in Lao PDR (14.04 per 100,000 population). Main sources of information were national statistics and published research for the burden estimation of Malaysia, Thailand, and Myanmar. Published research and anecdotal evidence (local data, and expert opinion) were the main sources of information for the burden estimation of Vietnam, and Lao PDR. Anecdotal evidence was the only source of information for the burden estimation of Indonesia, and Philippines. Made with Natural Earth. Free vector and raster map data @ naturalearthdata.com.
Fig 3.
Estimated proportions of snakebite victims treated with antivenom in ASEAN countries.
Percentages are estimated from number of snakebite victims treated with antivenom divided by total number of snakebite victims with systemic envenoming who need antivenom; Main sources of information were national statistics and published research for the burden estimation of Malaysia, Thailand, and Myanmar. Published research and anecdotal evidence (local data, and expert opinion) were the main sources of information for the burden estimation of Vietnam, and Lao PDR. Anecdotal evidence was the only source of information for the burden estimation of Indonesia, and Philippines.
Fig 4.
Estimated annual economic and disease burden of snakebite in ASEAN countries.
(A) Disease burden of snakebite; data in parentheses are the percentages of disease burden attributable to years of life lost. (B) Costs in million USD; data in parentheses are the percentages of economic burden attributable to indirect costs. (C) Costs in percentage of gross domestic product; Main sources of information were national statistics and published research for the burden estimation of Malaysia, Thailand, and Myanmar. Published research and anecdotal evidence (local data, and expert opinion) were the main sources of information for the burden estimation of Vietnam, and Lao PDR. Anecdotal evidence was the only source of information for the burden estimation of Indonesia, and Philippines. Costs are presented as 2019 USD where 1 USD = 14,147.67 Indonesian Rupees = 51.80 Philippine Pesos = 23,050.24 Vietnamese Dong = 8,679.41 Lao Kip = 1,518.26 Myanmar Kyat. Abbreviation: GDP–gross domestic product; USD—US Dollar.
Table 2.
Estimated annual economic burden (x1,000 USD) of snakebite in ASEAN countries.