Fig 1.
Map of Pemba and Unguja islands (Zanzibar, United Republic of Tanzania) showing shehias where malacological surveys for Bulinus species were conducted in the current study and predicted distributions of Bulinus spp. and Schistosoma haematobium endemicity based on previous findings.
Bulinus spp. distribution inferred from Stothard et al. [23] and Pennance et al. [29,30]. Schistosoma haematobium infection distribution interpreted from Knopp et al. [18]. Digital shape files for Unguja and Pemba administrative regions were obtained from DIVA-GIS (https://www.diva-gis.org).
Table 1.
Bulinus spp. collected in Pemba and Unguja islands (Zanzibar, United Republic of Tanzania) and samples analysed from previous collections and curated within the Schistosomiasis Collection at the Natural History Museum (SCAN).
Fig 2.
A: Inferred Bulinus globosus and B. nasutus distribution on Unguja and Pemba islands (Zanzibar, United Republic of Tanzania) as identified by mitochondrial cox1 sequences of a subset (n = 510) of Bulinus spp. collected. B: Highlighted South East region of Pemba, displaying human freshwater contact sites in four shehias (Matale, Pujini, Chambani, Ukutini) and the single freshwater body cohabited by B. globosus and B. nasutus (Puj11).
Digital shape files for Unguja and Pemba administrative regions were obtained from DIVA-GIS (https://www.diva-gis.org).
Fig 3.
Bayesian inference of the partial mitochondrial cox1 haplotype dataset of Bulinus nasutus and B. globosus collected from Unguja and Pemba.
Reference data from East Africa (Kane et al. [42]). Tree produced using Bayesian inference using MrBayes v3.2.7A [51] under the HKY+I+G model (-lnl 2020.2144, AIC 4052.4287). Branches <0.95 posterior probability collapsed. The branch length scale bar indicates the number of substitutions per site. Text in red indicates Bulinus haplotypes generated from the current study as listed in S2 Table.
Fig 4.
TCS haplotype network of Schistosoma spp. partial cox1 DNA sequences (750 bp).
Produced using PopArt [56]. Hatches represent SNP differences from joined nodes and size of nodes is scaled to the number of identical haplotypes listed. Schistosoma haplotype group 1 and 2 indicates whether cercariae were identified as mainland Africa (1) or Indian Ocean Island (2) haplotypes (as described in Webster et al. [27]). Schistosoma haematobium reference haplotypes (GU257334 –GU257360) from Webster et al. [28]. Schistosoma bovis reference haplotypes (OK484569, AY157212 and MH647141) from Pennance et al. [54], Lockyer et al. [53] and Djuikwo-Teukeng et al. [55], respectively. Schistosoma curassoni reference (AY157210) from Lockyer et al. [53].