Fig 1.
(A) A map of Senegal showing the snail sampling site, the Senegal River Delta (between latitudes 16°/14°40’N and longitudes 15°30/16°30’W), located in the Saint-Louis region. The map was produced using the Geographic Information System software QGIS v3.18.3-Zürich; http://www.qgis.org. (B) Morphological features of the Bulinus forskalii snail species analyzed in the current study (Sinister, brownish shell with a shoulder angle and twisted columellar lip).
Fig 2.
An explanatory flow chart of the cercarial shedding protocol in intermediate host snails.
Table 1.
Primers used in the real-time PCR, Schistosoma parasite and snails sequencing protocols.
Primer sequences and names are given with the target marker, target organism and amplicon length.
Fig 3.
(A) Dendrogram constructed using MALDI-Biotyper v.3.3 software including representative random MS spectra of Bulinus forskalii (green), Bulinus senegalensis (red) and Biomphalaria pfeifferi (blue). (B) Principal component analysis (PCA) performed on spectra of Bulinus forskalii (green), Bulinus senegalensis (red) and Biomphalaria pfeifferi (blue) using ClinProTools 2.2.
Table 2.
MALDI-TOF MS identification of the snail parasitized by S. hæmatobium complex fluke, and COX1 and ITS2 DNA sequence-based identification of the Schistosoma spp. parasites.