Fig 1.
Study design of samples selected for microbiota profiling.
From the original cohort [6], a subset of faecal samples was selected and of these a further subset of matched saliva samples, were used for 16S profiling.
Fig 2.
Bacterial populations differences between faecal and saliva samples.
Non-clustered bar-chart summary of microbiota profiling of clinical samples and kitome control. Major bacterial genera associated with saliva or faecal samples in infected and uninfected hosts. FU = Faecal Uninfected, FI = Faecal Infected, SU = Saliva Uninfected, SI = Saliva Infected.
Fig 3.
Multivariate and alpha diversity analysis of faecal and saliva sample by infection status, demonstrates differences in the microbiota of these two biological samples.
A. Unsupervised Principal Coordinates Analysis (PCoA) methods were used at the OTU level B. Redundancy Analysis (RDA- OTU level) demonstrating that differences between faecal and saliva samples were statistically significant (p-value = 0.001). C-F. All four diversity analysis methods indicated statistical differences between the sample sources at the phylum level. FU = Faecal Uninfected (blue), FI = Faecal Infected (red), SU = Saliva Uninfected (yellow), SI = Saliva Infected (grey).
Fig 4.
Univariate analysis shows altered taxa in the faecal samples of individuals with helminth infection (red bars) compared to uninfected (blue bars) individuals.
Statistically significant A. genera, B. families and C. order are presented. * = p-value≤ 0.05; ** = p-value≤ 0.01. Complete lists of ANOVA is presented in S3 Table.
Fig 5.
Analysis of saliva samples from infected (red bars) and uninfected (blue bars) participants shows altered microbiota.
Chao1 metric indicated elevated alpha diversity associated with infected samples at the A. genus and B. phylum taxa levels. ANOVA identified C. genera, D. family all elevated in infected samples. * = p-value≤ 0.05. Complete ANOVA data are presented in S4 Table.
Fig 6.
Univariate analysis of faecal samples from O. viverrini infected (red bars) individuals presented altered microbiota indicators compared to samples from uninfected (blue bars) individuals.
Statistically significant A. genera, B. families and C. order are presented. * = p-value≤ 0.05; ** = p-value≤ 0.01. Complete lists of ANOVA are presented in S5 Table.