Table 1.
Characteristics of chronic kidney disease patients.
Fig 1.
X-axis: Number of samples, Y-axis: number of OTUs. Following an initial sharp rise in the number of OTUs as number of samples increases, there is a levelling of the plot. The narrow spread of the boxplots as the total number of samples is approached indicates that the number of samples was adequate to capture most of the microbial diversity present.
Fig 2.
Comparison of alpha diversity indexes and beta diversity in CKD patients with and without S. stercoralis infection.
(A) Shannon index (B) Shannon index in males (C) Simpson index in males. (D) Boxplot based on unweighted UniFrac distance. (E) Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA).
Table 2.
Alpha diversity of the gut microbiota in Ss- and Ss+ groups, calculated according to several indices.
Fig 3.
Histogram of cladogram and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) score.
The histogram of the LDA scores presents taxa (potential biomarkers) whose abundance differed significantly among groups (Ss+ vs. Ss-) order Bradymonadales in Ss- (green color). Species E. coli belongs to the genus Escherichia-Shigella; genus Dialister belongs to the order Selenomonadales, class Negativicutes and family Veillonellaceae in Ss+ (red color). The cladogram shows specific taxa relevant to Ss+ and Ss- in the red and green nodes. The highest taxonomic level is towards the center of the diagram. The diameter of each circle represents the relative abundance of the taxon.
Fig 4.
The gut microbiota composition.
(A) and (B), Control group compared with S. stercoralis-infection group (Ss+) at the phylum and genus levels, respectively.
Table 3.
Taxa in the gut microbiome differing significantly between CKD patients with and without S. stercoralis.
Fig 5.
Clustering using the unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA).
UPGMA cluster tree based on unweighted UniFrac distances between CKD patients with or without S. stercoralis infection. The red branches represent individuals with S. stercoralis infection (Ss+) and the dark blue branches indicate uninfected (Ss-) individuals.
Fig 6.
Comparisons of abundance (numbers of sequence reads) of some bacteria between Ss- and Ss+ group.
Pathogenic bacteria: Escherichia-Shigella, Streptococcus, Haemophilus, Rothia, Actinomyces, Aggregatibacter. SCFA-producing bacteria: Eubacterium rectale_group, Eubacterium hallii_group, Anaerostipes, Coprococcus_1, Akkermansia.
Fig 7.
Opposing trends in abundance of two genera, Anaerostipes and Escherichia-Shigella.
(A) and (D) Different trends related to age; (B) and (E) sex; (C) and (F) CKD stages. * P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001. Analysis of the difference among groups of sex, age and CKD stages based on one-way ANOVA test.