Fig 1.
The affected areas (◼) within Bam county and peri-urban areas in Kerman city, southeastern Iran.
GIS layers prepared by the National Cartographic Center of Iran (https://www.ncc.gov.ir/).
Fig 2.
Multiple environmental alterations and social activities were major forces for the induction of emergence/re-emergence of anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis repeated outbreak waves in Bam, southeastern Iran.
Fig 3.
Images of the earthquake destroyed 90% of raw brick-made houses and created a suitable sandfly breeding condition for transmission of anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in Bam, southeastern Iran (the research team took the above pictures in 2003 following the earthquake of Bam).
Table 1.
Representing the baseline population of patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis in Bam, southeastern Iran, 1971–2020.
Table 2.
Representing age groups, genders, the number of lesions, and anatomical location of lesions in cases with anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in Bam, southeastern Iran.
Fig 4.
Repeated outbreak waves following the cessation of spraying against malaria, an extensive widening of the city spaces, and an earthquake occurred in Bam, southeastern Iran (1971–2020).
Fig 5.
Incidence of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) cases before and after three major events.
Vertical lines indicate the two years after every event; dotted line indicates the observed incidence of CL; dashed line indicates the trend before every event; solid line indicates the trend after every event in Bam, southeastern Iran (1971–2020).
Table 3.
Interrupted time series parameters to evaluate trends in incidence per 1,000 of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Bam, southeastern Iran (1971–2020).
Table 4.
Changes in cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) incidence per 1,000 after three major events in Bam, southeastern Iran (1971–2020).
Fig 6.
Illustrating the sequence of emerging foci in order of occurrence in Bam, southeastern Iran (1971–2020).