Table 1.
Bioclimatic variables selected to predict Callithrix jacchus suitable area.
Steps in the jackknife procedure to select best contributing bioclimatic variables for Callithrix jacchus spatial distribution in Brazil. Bioclimatic variables from sets 1, 2 and 2 were used for model calibration.
Fig 1.
Number of outbreaks of rabies in Callithrix jacchus and overall dead non-human primate reported to the Brazilian Ministry of Health between 2008 and 2020.
(Left) Total number of rabies outbreaks in C. jacchus. Open triangles show outbreaks belonging to the Desmodus rotundus variant (AgV3). The inset figure shows the total number of cases, defined as the total positive individuals reported within an outbreak. (Right) Total number of dead non-human primates reported to the Ministry of Health. Data of 2020 includes January to October.
Fig 2.
Spatial distribution of outbreaks of rabies in Callithrix jacchus in Brazil.
(Top) The main figure shows municipalities of northeast states that have reported an outbreak since 2008, with colors representing the interval of time when the first outbreak was reported at each municipality since 2008. Inset figure shows states reporting cases, with colors representing whether states have reported rabies cases in C. jacchus belonging to the specific antigenic C. jacchus variant, the D. rotundus variant (AgV3) or both. (Bottom) Municipality location of the rabies case reported in the state of Rio de Janeiro belonging to the D. rotundus variant. Country, region and district maps were obtained from the GADM (http://www.gadm.org//) database, freely-available for academic use, using the getData function from the raster package of R (map layer can be found here: https://biogeo.ucdavis.edu/data/gadm3.6/Rsp/gadm36_BRA_2_sp.rds).
Fig 3.
Geographical expansion of rabies reported in Callithrix jacchus.
Number of municipalities reporting outbreaks for the first time each year from 2008 to October 2020. Open triangles show outbreaks belonging to the Desmodus rotundus variant (AgV3).
Fig 4.
Presence only occurrence locations of Callithrix jacchus in Brazil.
Red dots show locations published in the ATLANTIC PRIMATES database, blue dots show locations identified during the field missions performed within this study, and green dots show locations extracted from Moraes et al. 2019 [23]. Country, region and district maps were obtained from the GADM (http://www.gadm.org//) database, freely-available for academic use, using the getData function from the raster package of R (map layer can be found here: https://biogeo.ucdavis.edu/data/gadm3.6/Rsp/gadm36_BRA_2_sp.rds)).
Fig 5.
Model predictions on Callithrix jacchus suitable area in Brazil.
(A) Predicted suitable areas of Callithrix jacchus across Brazil (median values of the best fitting model). Areas in darker red indicate higher suitable areas predicted by the best Maxent model. Blue dots represent the centroid of municipalities that have reported a rabies case in C. jacchus (B) Uncertainty associated with the predicted suitable areas of Callithrix jacchus in Brazil. Uncertainty is represented by the range of the model predictions (max-min). Country, region and district maps were obtained from the GADM (http://www.gadm.org//) database, freely-available for academic use, using the getData function from the raster package of R (map layer can be found here: https://biogeo.ucdavis.edu/data/gadm3.6/Rsp/gadm36_BRA_2_sp.rds).