Fig 1.
Study communities of Bogia District, Madang, Papua New Guinea.
A) Map of Bogia District, where each dot represents a village, with communities that received IDA shown in red and those that received DA shown in black. B) Map of Papua New Guinea showing the location of Bogia District. Sources: Esri, HERE, Garmin, FAO, NOAA, USGS, OpenStreetMap contributors, and the GIS User Community; https://www.arcgis.com/home/webmap/viewer.html?layers=7dc6cea0b1764a1f9af2e679f642f0f5.
Fig 2.
CONSORT flow diagram detailing participants included in safety and efficacy analysis.
Table 1.
Baseline demographic characteristics and infection status of participants by treatment arm.
Fig 3.
Proportion of participants CFA positive (A) and Mf positive (B) by age-group and sex before receiving mass drug administration (baseline).
CFA, circulating filarial antigenemia; Mf, microfilariae.
Table 2.
Frequency of AEs, maximum AE grade (G) after treatment, Mf and CFA status per participant by treatment arm and gender.
Table 3.
Relationship of AEs with LF infection status and treatment.
Fig 4.
Forest plot showing adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (estimates from multivariable logistic regression model) for factors associated with adverse events following treatment for lymphatic filariasis.
Unadjusted odd ratio and 95% confidence intervals also provided. Odds ratios were assessed relative to the listed reference groups. P-values for comparisons to references group: *<0.05, **<0.01, *** < 0.001. CI; Confidence Interval; DA: diethylcarbamazine and albendazole; IDA: ivermectin, diethylcarbamazine and albendazole; CFA: circulating filarial antigen; MF, microfilaremia; (-), Negative results; (+), Positive results. Note that both unadjusted and adjusted models contain a random effect to account for correlation among subjects within a locality.
Fig 5.
Frequencies of the most commonly observed adverse events by treatment arm.
Frequencies are expressed as percentages of participants who were assessed for AEs after treatment. AE: adverse event; DA: diethylcarbamazine and albendazole; IDA: ivermectin, diethylcarbamazine and albendazole.
Table 4.
Baseline and 1-year CFA test result, CFA score and Mf positivity amongst individuals with positive CFA tests at baseline who were reevaluated one year after treatment.
Fig 6.
Reduction in microfilaremia 12 months after treatment by drug regimen.
Data included only from participants who were microfilaremic at baseline (N = 67 in DA arm, N = 54 in IDA arm). DA: diethylcarbamazine and albendazole; IDA: ivermectin, diethylcarbamazine and albendazole; Mf: microfilaremia.
Fig 7.
FTS score distribution at baseline and 1-year after mass drug administration by treatment arm.
DA: diethylcarbamazine and albendazole; IDA: ivermectin, diethylcarbamazine and albendazole; FTS: Filarial Test Strip (Alere).
Table 5.
Univariate risk factors for failing to clear microfilariamia 1-year post-DA.