Fig 1.
Multiple data sources and establishment of a geodatabase.
The maps in the figure were produced in ArcGIS 10.8 (ESRI, Redlands, CA, USA) using shape files representing Xi’an City which were obtained from the basic geographic database in National Catalogue Service For Geographic Information of China (https://www.webmap.cn/mapDataAction.do?method=forw&resType=5&storeId=2).
Fig 2.
Overall methodology flowchart.
Fig 3.
Statistical calculation of HFRS cases within the changed urbanization area from 2005 to 2018 for Xi’an.
Table 1.
Comprehensive evaluation indicators of urbanization level.
Fig 4.
Buffer analysis for water bodies in Xi’an City.
The figure was produced in ArcGIS 10.8 (ESRI, Redlands, CA, USA) using shape files representing Xi’an City which were obtained from the National Catalogue Service For Geographic Information of China (https://www.webmap.cn/mapDataAction.do?method=forw&resType=5&storeId=2).
Fig 5.
Relationships between urbanization and incidence rate of HFRS.
Number of HFRS cases (a) divided by the transformed urbanized area in Xi’an, (b) divided by its total annual population within the changed area in Xi’an, and (c) divided by the total HFRS cases within the changed area in Xi’an.
Fig 6.
Scatter plot between incidence rate and urbanization level for 13 counties and districts of Xi’an City.
Fig 7.
Similarity measurement of urbanization associations with HFRS and cluster analysis.
(a) DTW distances between different counties and districts. (b) Four clusters of 13 counties and districts based on DTW distances. The figure was produced in ArcGIS 10.8 (ESRI, Redlands, CA, USA) using shape files representing Xi’an City which were obtained from the basic geographic database in National Catalogue Service For Geographic Information of China (https://www.webmap.cn/mapDataAction.do?method=forw&resType=5&storeId=2).
Fig 8.
Logarithm fitting curve of the average annual density of HFRS cases within different radii.
Fig 9.
Kernel density estimate curve of the distance of HFRS cases from water bodies.
Fig 10.
Bivariate distributions of the distance of HFRS cases from water bodies.
The bivariate distributions are based on the age and sex of HFRS patients in Xi’an City.
Fig 11.
Dynamic change in the peak points of annual KDE curves.
These curves reflect the distance of HFRS cases from water bodies in Xi’an City.
Fig 12.
Interactions between urbanization, water body, rainfall, and NDVI.
Fig 13.
Relation between occupation type within the urbanized area and HFRS.