Fig 1.
Schematic diagram of the modelling approach adopted to produce maps of environmental suitability for Haemagogus spp. and Sabethes spp. at 1 km x 1 km resolution.
The base layer of the map was retrieved from https://www.ibge.gov.br/geociencias/downloads-geociencias.html.
Fig 2.
Number of occurrence records for Hg. janthinomys, Hg. leucocelaenus, and Sabethes spp. (1991–2019) prior and post standardization.
Fig 3.
Environmental suitability and occurrence records of Haemagogus and Sabethes spp.
A, Map of Brazil by states (AC–Acre, AL–Alagoas, AP–Amapá, AM–Amazonas, BA–Bahia, CE–Ceará, DF–Distrito Federal, ES–Espírito Santo, GO–Goiás, MA–Maranhāo, MT–Mato Grosso, MS–Mato Grosso do Sul, MG–Minas Gerais, PA–Pará, PB–Paraíba, PR–Paraná, PE–Pernambuco, PI–Piauí, RJ–Rio de Janeiro, RN–Rio Grande do Norte, RS–Rio Grande do Sul, RO–Rondônia, RR–Roraima, SC–Santa Catarina, SP–São Paulo, SE–Sergipe, TO–Tocantins) and regions (colour-coded). B-D, Maps indicating the point locations (red) of standardized occurrence records of each species collected between 1991–2019 and predicted environmental suitability for Hg. janthinomys, Hg. leucocelaenus, and Sabethes spp. The base layer of the map was retrieved from https://www.ibge.gov.br/geociencias/downloads-geociencias.html.
Fig 4.
Suitable regions for Haemagogus and Sabethes spp.
A-C, Maps of areas identified as suitable with environmental suitability ≥ 0.5. D, Map showing areas suitable for only one species, two species, or all species analyzed in this study. The base layer of the map was retrieved from https://www.ibge.gov.br/geociencias/downloads-geociencias.html.
Fig 5.
Risk of transmission and spillover along the Southeastern Atlantic Forest Biome.
Map showing the distribution in risk status in the Southeastern municipalities of São Paulo, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro, Espírito Santo, and Southern state of Paraná and adjacent municipalities in the Central-West, including the Federal District, Goiás, and Mato Grosso. Risk is defined by the presence of sylvatic mosquito vectors, non-human primate reservoirs, and human population density. Low risk refers to the presence of only one of these factors. Risk of transmission is defined by the overlapping presence of two of these factors, while risk of spillover is defined by the overlapping presence of all three factors. Blue points show the locations of confirmed cases among non-human primates (NHP) recorded between years 2015–2020 while green triangles indicate the locations of confirmed human cases recorded between 2016–2019. The base layer of the map was retrieved from https://www.ibge.gov.br/geociencias/downloads-geociencias.html.