Fig 1.
Map of northern Thailand showing the location of biting midge collection sites, including photographs of trap sites in Ban Hong district, Lamphun province, Thailand.
(map modified from public domain (https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/) and photos taken by Padet siriyasatien, corresponding author.
Fig 2.
Photographs of representative specimens of the seven species of Culicoides found in this study, scale bar: 100 μm.
Table 1.
Number of biting midge species collected, tested, and found positive for DNA of Leishmania martiniquensis and Trypanosoma sp.
Fig 3.
Maximum likelihood (ML) phylogenetic tree using the GTR+G+T model with 1,000 bootstrap replicates of partial COI sequences of Culicoides biting midges collected in this study and data from conspecific specimens available in GenBank database.
Fig 4.
Maximum likelihood (ML) tree based on the K2+I model of nucleotide substitution of Leishmania spp. constructed from partial ITS1 gene sequences.
Bootstrap values are based on 1,000 replicates. Blue circles indicated samples that were obtained from this study.
Fig 5.
Maximum likelihood (ML) tree created using the TN93+G+I model with 1000 bootstrap replications from partial SSU rRNA sequences of Trypanosoma parasites from this study and reference sequences available in GenBank.
Sequences from this study are indicated with pink squares.