Fig 1.
Colombian cities in which Aedes aegypti mosquitoes were collected.
Numbers correspond to each city: 1. Bello, 2. Itagüí, 3. Moniquirá, 4. Puerto Boyacá, 5. Puerto Bogotá, 6. Neiva, 7. Villavicencio, 8. Acacías, 9. Cúcuta, and 10. Honda. For each city, the level of resistance (RR50) to permethrin (to the left of the number) and lambda-cyhalothrin (to the right of the number) in comparison to the susceptible Rockefeller strain of mosquito is shown in the half-round; darker colors represent a higher degree of insecticide resistance. The distribution of the kdr alleles for the positions V410L (pink), V1016I (blue), and F1534C (purple) are shown for each city. Lighter colors represent the wt allele frequencies, and darker colors indicate the mutated allele frequencies. Shaped downloaded from http://tapiquen-sig.jimdofree.com., Carlos Efraín Porto Tapiquén. Geografía, SIG y Cartografía Digital. Valencia, Spain, 2020 (free distribution).
Table 1.
Resistance ratio to Permethrin and Lambda-cyhalothrin of Aedes aegypti populations studied in Colombia.
Fig 2.
Allelic frequencies for the positions V410L (pink), V1016I (blue), and F1534C (purple) in Colombian Aedes aegypti study populations.
The light colors in the bars indicate the wt allele frequencies; the dark colors indicate the mutated allele frequencies. The RR value for mosquitoes from each city is shown above the bars in the top graph. The bottom chart shows the variation of mutated allele frequencies for the three positions in each city.
Fig 3.
Allelic frequencies for the positions V410L (pink), V1016I (blue), and F1534C (purple) in Aedes aegypti from three of the mosquito populations studied.
The light colors indicate the wt allele frequencies; the dark colors show the mutated allele frequencies. A-B. Time-course of allelic frequencies from Bello 2012–2013 (410 N = 58, 1016 N = 101, 1534 N = 57) and 2016 (410 N = 55, 1016 N = 59, 1534 N = 60) (A), and Villavicencio 2012 (410 N = 79, 1016 N = 89, 1534 N = 57 and 2016 (410 N = 50, 1016 N = 51, 1534 N = 51) (B) populations determined for mosquitoes collected in two different years. C. Allelic frequencies from Acacías population without lambda-cyhalothrin pressure (WP) and with lambda-cyhalothrin pressure (P) for six generations compared with the field-collected populations (Acacías F0).
Fig 4.
Genotypes observed in Colombian Aedes aegypti populations.
Fig 5.
Spearman Correlation test (RR) for permethrin (A) and lambda-cyhalothrin (B) and the frequency of the mutated alleles for positions 410L, 1016I, and 1534C of the Colombian populations of Aedes aegypti evaluated. The Spearman correlation r and p values are shown for each correlation (*** = p < 0.001, ** = p < 0.01, * = p < 0.05).
Fig 6.
Linear regressions of the sodium channel mutation frequencies at positions 410L vs. 1016I, 410L vs. 1534C, and 1016I vs. 1534C.
The data for 410L and 1016I passed normality tests, while the other comparisons did not pass (D’Agostino & Pearson and Shapiro-Wilk tests; alpha = 0.05).
Fig 7.
Enzyme activity for Aedes aegypti collected from Acacías with lambda-cyhalothrin pressure in the lab (Acacías P) and without pressure (Acacías WP).
A) Acetylcholinesterase (AChE), B) glutathione-S-transferases (GST), C) β-esterases (β-EST) D) mixed-function oxidases (MFO) and E) α-esterases, (α-EST). Forty individuals were used in each assay. Box plots include the mean (+), median (line), 5th, 25th, 75th, and 95th percentiles. The dotted line corresponds to the median activity for the susceptible strain (Rockefeller). Asterisks indicate significant differences between the Rockefeller strain and the corresponding population (Kruskal-Wallis test; **** = p < 0.0001, *** = p < 0.001, ** = p < 0.01, * = p < 0.05).
Table 2.
Eco-epidemiological information for Aedes aegypti populations collected from seven provinces.