Fig 1.
Flow diagram to show follow-up of cohort to 8 years and stool sampling.
Denominator for all proportions is 2,404. A child with any stool sample collected during follow-up was included in the analysis.
Fig 2.
Prevalence of soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections observed in children sampled at each age and among the child’s mother, father, siblings, any household member (house), and any household member excluding (ex) parents.
Bars represent any STH infection (black), A. lumbricoides (blue), and T. trichiura (green). Samples for cohort are shown in Fig 1 and for mothers (2,390), fathers (997), and households (1,971), siblings (1,051) and households except parents (1,344).
Fig 3.
Relative frequencies of parasite burdens (light, moderate, and heavy) with A. lumbricoides and T. trichiura observed among infected children during the first 8 years of life.
Infection intensity categories were as recommended by WHO: A. lumbricoides, light (1–4,999), moderate (5,000–49,999), heavy (> = 50,000); T. trichiura, light (1–999), moderate (1,000–9,999), heavy (> = 10,000)
Fig 4.
Age-dependent risk of infection with any soil-transmitted helminth (STH) and individual STH parasites inferred from household data collected at the time of recruitment of the ECUAVIDA cohort.
Age-dependent proportions (and 95% confidence intervals) of positives were predicted using two-level logistic regression fitted to a binomial response accounting for household clustering. Age modelled using a 5th degree polynomial. The data consist of samples collected from household members at the time of recruitment of the cohort.
Fig 5.
Observed proportions and predicted age-dependent prevalence of infection with any soil-transmitted helminth (STH).
A. lumbricoides (Ascaris), and T. trichiura (Trichuris) in the cohort during the first 8 years of life. Age is shown in months.
Table 1.
Age-adjusted and multivariable associations between any soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infection during first 8 years of life and individual, parental, and household factors including STH infections among household members.
Table 2.
Soil-transmitted helminth infections (STH) among household members showing best age-adjusted model fitted by generalized estimating equation models and using quasi-likelihood under the independence model criterion (QIC).
Fig 6.
Age-dependent prevalence of infections with soil-transmitted helminths (STH).
This includes any STH, A. lumbricoides (Ascaris), and T. trichiura (Trichuris) between 1 and 8 years of age comparing ECUAVIDA cohort (solid lines) with risk at the time of cohort recruitment among other children in the household (Baseline family study–dotted lines).
Fig 7.
Temporal changes in household characteristics during recruitment and follow-up of cohort between 2006 and 2017.
Overcrowding—> = 3 persons /sleeping room; traditional construction–wood and or bamboo walls; WC–water closet connected to municipal sewage or septic tank; farm animals–any large farm animal around the household. Number of households providing data by year: 2006 (431 households); 2007 (996); 2008 (1709); 2009 (2229); 2010 (1893); 2011 (1707); 2012 (1019); 2013 (841); 2014 (623); 2015 (540); 2016 (571); and 2017 (578). Household data were collected when the child was aged 0, 7, 13, 24, 36, 60, and 96 months and could provide data a maximum of once in any calendar year. Poly.—empirical polynomial lowess smoothing with suggestive trends across calendar time.