Fig 1.
PRISMA systematic review flow diagram of data collection and evaluation.
Online searches for publications and data registers (left side flow) were supplemented by governmental outbreak reports, non-indexed citations found in local archives, and citations found within the reference lists of the papers that were reviewed (right side flow).
Fig 2.
Regional map of countries exposed to RVFV infection based on findings of studies included in the systematic review.
Countries were categorized as to whether there was evidence of human, animal, or arthropod RVFV infection during the 1999–2021 era. Base map is from Database of Global Administrative Areas (GADM) (version 3.4, (April 2018, www.gadm.org/data.html).
Fig 3.
Sub-national administrative regions experiencing acute human cases of RVF during the years 1999–2021.
Locations are shaded according to whether they experienced outbreaks before or after 2011, or if they had outbreaks during both periods. Base map is from Database of Global Administrative Areas (GADM) (version 3.4, (April 2018, www.gadm.org/data.html).
Fig 4.
Sub-national administrative regions experiencing acute animal cases of RVF during the years 1999–2021.
Locations are shaded according to whether they experienced outbreaks before or after 2011, or during both periods of time. Base map is from Database of Global Administrative Areas (GADM) (version 3.4, (April 2018, www.gadm.org/data.html).
Table 1.
Currently used serologic assays for detection of RVFV exposure in humans.
Table 2.
Rift Valley fever virus lineage determinations for isolates recovered in recent epidemics, based on cluster analysis of gene sequences for the viral Gn surface protein.
(Based on Grobbelaar, et al. 2011 [98])
Fig 5.
Acute human RVF events per year during 1999–2021, by geographic regions across Africa, the Indian Ocean, and the Arabian Peninsula.
Fig 6.
Acute animal RVF events per year during 1999–2021, by geographic regions across Africa, the Indian Ocean, and the Arabian Peninsula.
Fig 7.
Meta-analysis of the impact of human gender on odds of RVFV exposure in at-risk populations.
Fig 8.
Meta-analysis of the impact of animal exposure on odds of RVFV exposure in at-risk populations.
Fig 9.
Meta-analysis of the impact of handling RVF-related animal abortions on odds of human RVFV exposure in at-risk populations.
Fig 10.
Progressive scale of surveillance that can used to indicate an impending RVFV disease outbreak.
Republished with permission of The National Academies Press, from Under the Weather: Climate, Ecosystems, and Infectious Disease (2001), Chapter 7: Towards the Development of Disease Early Warning Systems. P. 87; permission conveyed through Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. under license ID #1142222
Table 3.
Summary of acute diagnostic assays employed in included studies, by species.