Table 1.
Geographic location of 26 Aedes aegypti collection sites in Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico, in 2018.
Table 2.
Concentrations (μg/bottle) used to determine the LC50 of five different insecticides in the bottle bioassay for field Aedes aegypti and the susceptible reference strain.
Fig 1.
Spatial distribution of insecticide resistance to five compounds in Aedes aegypti collected in Tapachula.
The number above each bar corresponds to the resistance ratio (RR). The RR was calculated relative to the susceptible New Orleans reference strain. Map obtained from the National Institute of Statistics and Geography (INEGI). Digital Map of Mexico. MDM: http://gaia.inegi.org.mx/mdm6.
Fig 2.
Pyrethroids resistance ratios (RRs) of Aedes aegypti collected in 26 sites across Tapachula in 2018.
A) Permethrin and B) Deltamethrin. Dots represent the RR50 with 95% confidence intervals for each site. Horizontal lines indicate the threshold for low resistance (< 5-fold), moderate resistance (5- to 10-fold) and high resistance (> 10-fold).
Fig 3.
Cholinesterase inhibitors resistance ratios (RRs) of Aedes aegypti collected in 26 sites across Tapachula in 2018.
A) Chlorpyrifos (organophosphate), B) Malathion (organophosphate), and C) Bendiocarb (carbamate). Dots represent the RR50 with 95% confidence intervals for each site. Horizontal lines indicate the threshold for low resistance (< 5-fold), moderate resistance (5- to 10-fold) and high resistance (> 10-fold).
Table 3.
Genotype counts and allele frequencies for two kdr-associated substitutions (V1016I and F1534C) from Aedes aegypti collected at 26 sites in Tapachula.
RR = homozygote resistant, RS = heterozygote, and SS = homozygote susceptible. * indicates a lack of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.
Fig 4.
Moran’s I correlograms as implemented in PASSaGE 2.0 assessing the correlation of LC50s with space for permethrin (pyrethroid), deltamethrin (pyrethroid), chlorpyrifos (organophosphate), malathion (organophosphate), and bendiocarb (carbamate).
The analysis included 26 collection sites in Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico. Aedes aegypti mosquitoes from different collection sites were considered neighbors if the sites were within 250 meters of each other.