Fig 1.
Flowchart illustrating the overall experimental design. Parental pairs were first tested for harmonic convergence. Father fitness was then assayed in either insemination capacity or flight performance assays and mother fitness was measured by first egg clutch size. Finally, sons were tested for harmonic convergence with unrelated females, followed by either insemination capacity or flight performance assays, while daughters were mated with unrelated males and their lifetime reproductive fitness tracked using a life table analysis.
Fig 2.
Harmonic convergence signals neither parent nor offspring reproductive fitness traits.
Neither father fertility (A), mother fecundity (B), son fertility (C), nor daughter fecundity (D) differed by either parent or offspring harmonic convergence status (P≥0.122 for all comparisons). Son convergence status did not differ between those descending from converged parents and those descending from non-converged parents (E). Graphs display sample sizes (N) and LM, LMM, or GZLMM P-values for each comparison.
Fig 3.
Parental harmonic convergence does not signal daughter lifetime fecundity and life history parameters.
Neither daughter fecundity (A and B) nor longevity (C) differed by parental harmonic convergence status (P≥0.569 for all comparisons). Daughter reproductive rate (D) and survival (E) also did not differ by parental convergence status. Graph displays sample size (N) and LMM (A–C) or Cox frailty model (E) P-values for each comparison. For details on daughter life table analysis data, see S1 Table. Survival data shows Kaplan-Meier curves for daughters across the duration of the life table study.
Fig 4.
Harmonic convergence signals neither parent nor offspring flight performance.
Neither father (A–D) nor son (E–H) flight performance metrics differed by parental convergence status (P≥0.202 for all comparisons). Graphs display sample sizes (N) and LMM or GZLMM P-values for each comparison.
Fig 5.
Parent reproductive fitness traits display low heritability and do not correlate with offspring traits.
Father fertility and mother fecundity did not correlate with either son fertility (A and B) or daughter fecundity (C and D; P≥587 for all comparisons). Graphs display correlation sample sizes (N) and LMM P-values for each comparison. For detailed statistics, see S1 Statistics.
Fig 6.
Parent reproductive fitness traits do not correlate with daughter lifetime fecundity or life history traits.
Neither father fertility (A–C; P≥0.484 for all comparisons) nor mother fecundity (D–F; P≥0.113 for all comparisons) correlated with daughter fecundity or longevity. Graphs display correlation sample sizes (N) and LMM P-values for each comparison. For detailed statistics, see S1 Statistics.
Fig 7.
Father flight performance displays low heritability.
Father flight performance metrics did not correlate with the same metrics in their sons (A–D; P≥0.294 for all comparisons). Graphs display correlation sample sizes (N) and LMM or GZLMM P-values for each comparison. For detailed statistics, see S1 Statistics.