Fig 1.
Study sites in three different ecological regions within Peru.
The map was created using open data obtained from Wikipedia. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Peru#/media/File:Peru_veg_1970.png (public domain).
Fig 2.
Different trap types used for sand fly collections.
LED colors were adapted from the standard Mini CDC light trap Model 512 (CDC). MM: Mosquito Magnet Model Independence baited with CO2 and R-Octenol; BG-S: BioGents BG Sentinel baited with BG-Lure.
Table 1.
Primer sequences for Leishmania and Bartonella DNA amplification from sand flies.
Fig 3.
Comparison of cumulative sand flies per hour collected from 1800 to 0600 for a two-day period across trap types and study sites.
Fig 4.
Comparison of sand fly Shannon diversity indices across trap types and study sites.
The figure shows the Shannon diversity index (and estimated confidence intervals) for the different traps employed in collections. No panel was included for Caraz, Ancash because there were only two sand fly species trapped (S2 Fig).
Table 2.
Leishmania DNA detection in phlebotomine sand flies from low jungle (Madre de Dios) and high jungle (San Martin) regions in Peru.
Fig 5.
Maximum likelihood tree for Leishmania species in Lutzomyia spp. based on cytochrome b (cytB) sequences.
TTE-156 = Lu. carrerai carrerai from Madre de Dios (low jungle) and T14-SM127 = Lu. hirsuta hirsuta from San Martin (high jungle). The numbers on the branches represent bootstrap support and the size bar indicates 0.02 substitutions per site. The tree was rooted with the sequence of Trypanosoma cruzi.
Table 3.
Bartonella DNA detection in phlebotomine sand flies from low jungle (Madre de* Dios) and high jungle (San Martin and Cajamarca) regions in Peru.
Fig 6.
Maximum likelihood tree for Bartonella species in Lutzomyia spp. based on gltA gene sequences.
The three lineages are in colors, lineage 1 in green, lineage 2 in orange, and lineage 3 in purple. Lineages 1 and 2 are related to B. bacilliformis, and lineage 3 is related to Candidatus B. rondoniensis. TTE-006 = Lu. whitmani from Iberia, Madre de Dios; T14-SM-011 and T14-SM-132 = Lu. hirsuta hirsuta from San Martin; T14-SM-052 = Lu. sherlocki from San Martin; T14-SM-038, T14-SM-046, T14-SM-047, T14-SM-060, T14-SM-115, T14-SM-119, T14-SM-120, T14-SM-122, T14-SM-123, T14-SM-145, T14-SM-160, T14-SM-161 = Lu. nevesi from San Martin; and T14-SJ-144 = Lu. maranonensis from Cajamarca. The numbers on the branches represent bootstrap support and the size bar indicates 0.02 substitutions per site.