Fig 1.
Comparison of techniques from 914 urine samples: study design and complementary techniques performed.
ME (+): Positive Microscopic Examination, ME (-): Negative Microscopic Examination. ICT: Immuno-Chromatographic Test.
Fig 2.
DNA Amplification signal curve of S. haematobium obtained from ranged dilutions between a quantity of one egg per extract and Equivalent (Eq) 0.00001 egg per extract.
Characteristics of this PCR (standard curve): Efficiency = 1.83, slope = 3.80, Regression Coefficient (r2 = 0.99).
Table 1.
Qualitative results of the ICT compared to PCR and direct microscopic examination (ME) results.
Fig 3.
Comparison of direct microscopic examination (ME) and PCR results for the detection of Schistosoma haematobium (Sh) and S. mansoni (Sm) in urine specimens.
ME (+): Positive Microscopic examination, ME (-): Negative Microscopic examination. PCR +: Positive PCR, PCR Sh +: Positive Schistosoma haematobium PCR, PCR Sm +: Positive Schistosoma mansoni PCR. PCR -: Negative PCR, PCR Sh -: Negative Schistosoma haematobium PCR, PCR Sm -: Negative Schistosoma mansoni PCR.
Fig 4.
Comparison and correlation between samples from proven active infections (Positive ME, semi-quantitation) and possible or unproven active infections (Negative ME).
r = 0.81, Significant correlation Spearman’s test, p<0.001.
Fig 5.
Comparison of Ct values between pellet and supernatant from the same urine sample (Student’s test for paired series, significant difference, p < 0.001).
N = 26 samples with positive direct microscopic examination.
Fig 6.
Global geographical distribution of urinary schistosomiasis cases (young African migrants living in France) diagnosed in our laboratory (Personally drawn geographic map with software Microsoft Word 2010).
Table 2.
Clinical, biological signs and proposed treatment in patients with urinary schistosomiasis.
Table 3.
Assets and drawbacks of the PCR technique.