Table 1.
Detection of Toxoplasma gondii genomic DNA in thigh muscle samples collected from free-range chickens and pigs, and in blood collected from seropositive pregnant women.
Table 2.
Summary of Toxoplasma gondii detection by nested PCR (nPCR) in blood collected from pregnant women subdivided IgM and IgG anti-Toxoplasma serology.
Table 3.
Detection of Toxoplasma gondii genomic DNA in blood collected from seropositive pregnant women per trimester of pregnancy.
Table 4.
Summary of Toxoplasma gondii PCR-RFLP genotyping results from free-range chickens, pigs and seropositive pregnant women sampled in Benue State, Nigeria.
Fig 1.
Optimal Maximum Likelihood (ML) phylogenetic tree for Toxoplasma gondii PCR-RFLP SAG3 sequences from Nigerian chickens, pigs and seropositive pregnant women.
Generated using an alignment of 226 bp from 84 sequences in total, including 32 new sequences from Nigeria plus published sequences from Ethiopia, Gabon and Tunisia (downloaded from GenBank for comparison, as indicated by accession number). Sequences from the reference GT1, ME49 and VEG strains, representing types I, II and III, were accessed from ToxoDB. Figures at nodes in the format a/b/c represent a: the percentage of trees in which the associated taxa clustered together using ML, b: using Neighbor Joining, and c: posterior probability by Bayesian inference. A and B denote clusters of identical sequences, as indicated in the associated boxes.
Table 5.
Summary of multi-locus sequence type (MLST) analysis including five PCR-RFLP loci individually and after concatenation.
Fig 2.
Optimal Maximum Likelihood (ML) phylogenetic tree for Toxoplasma gondii PCR-RFLP BTUB sequences from Nigerian chickens, pigs and seropositive pregnant women.
Generated using an alignment of 411 bp from 20 sequences in total, including 17 new sequences from Nigeria. Sequences from the reference GT1, ME49 and VEG strains, representing types I, II and III, were accessed from ToxoDB. Figures at nodes in the format a/b/c represent a: the percentage of trees in which the associated taxa clustered together using ML, b: using Neighbor Joining, and c: posterior probability by Bayesian inference. Sequences highlighted in yellow represent samples with a conserved SAG3 sequence as shown in Fig 1, cluster A.
Fig 3.
Haplotype networks describing Toxoplasma gondii sampled from chickens, pigs and humans in Nigeria.
A. Haplotypes constructed using five RFLP markers (SAG3, BTUB, 5’+3’ SAG2, GRA6 and Apico), differentiated by host of origin. B. Haplotypes constructed using a concatenated alignment of 2290 bp representing the sequenced SAG3, BTUB, 5’ SAG2, 3’ SAG2, GRA6 and Apico PCR-RFLP amplicons, differentiated by host of origin. C. Haplotypes constructed using five RFLP markers, differentiated by senatorial zone of origin. D. Haplotypes constructed using a concatenated alignment of 2290 bp, differentiated by senatorial zone of origin. Haplotypes detected in Nigerian samples annotated in clusters A, B and intermediate AB.
Fig 4.
Sample sites and Toxoplasma gondii haplotype occurrence within Local Government Areas (LGAs) in Benue state, Nigeria.
LGAs sampled are shown, grouped into Zones A (Katsina-Ala, Konshisha, Ukum), B (Gboko, Gwer East, Markurdi) and C (Okpokwu, Oturkpo). The distribution of haplotypes A1-6, B1-2 and AB1 annotated in Fig 3. is indicated. (Map redrawn here based upon resources accessed from grid3.gov.ng).