Fig 1.
Map of Marigat sub-county, Baringo County, Kenya showing the study site.
The map was designed using ArcMap 10.2.2. With the ocean and lakes base layer derived from Natural Earth (http://www.naturalearthdata.com/, a free GIS data source). The sample points were collected using a handheld GPS device (Garmin etrex 20), and the county boundaries for Kenya derived from Africa Open data (https://africaopendata.org/dataset/kenya-counties-shapefile, license Creative Commons).
Fig 2.
Sand fly sampling habitats in Rabai village with CDC-LT A) on a termite mound, B) near an animal shed, C) indoors in a mud-type house, D) indoors in a corrugated zinc-type house. (Source: Iman B. Hassaballa).
Fig 3.
Collection of volatiles from three substrates representing the different habitats in Rabai village, Marigat sub-county, Kenya A) cow dung (animal shed), B) termite mound (termite vent) and C) human foot odor on worn socks (houses indoors). (Source: Iman B. Hassaballa).
Table 1.
Composition of sand flies caught across the three habitat types during the dry season in Rabai, Marigat sub-county, Kenya.
Fig 4.
Mean numbers (± SE) of sand fly species collected in CDC light traps/day/night from three different sampling habitats in two trapping sessions in Rabai village, Marigat sub-county.
Means followed by different letters are significantly different at α = 0.05 according to Tukey’s test of ANOVA.
Table 2.
Sand fly abundance and diversity trends sampled during the dry season in three habitat types in Rabai, Baringo County, Kenya.
Models used were GLMs with negative binomial error structure. Animal shed served a reference category for habitat and January 2020 for trapping period.
Fig 5.
Mean Shannon diversity index for Phlebotomine sand flies during the dry season in Rabai, Marigat sub-County, Baringo County, Kenya.
Sand flies were surveyed using CDC light traps. Means followed by different letters are significantly different at α = 0.05 according to Tukey’s test of ANOVA.
Table 3.
Sand fly diversity trends during the dry season in three habitat types in Rabai, Baringo County, Kenya.
Models used were GLMs. Animal shed served a reference category for habitat and January 2020 for trapping period.
Fig 6.
Heatmap depicting the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) identified from representative substrates of habitat types: human foot odor (houses indoors), termite mound and fresh cow dung (animal shed).
Table 4.
Summary of identified volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from three Phelobtomine sand fly habitats in Rabai, Marigat sub-county, Baringo County, Kenya.