Fig 1.
Maps of study sites in India (A-B), Malawi (C) and Benin (D) with cluster boundaries and GPS locations of all households in the Baseline Census overlaid (ArcGIS).
Fig 2.
Population pyramids showing five-year bands of age (where available) and gender breakdown of the Baseline Census populations in India (A), Malawi (B) and Benin (C). These participants were broadly categorized as pre-school age children (PSAC, <5 years of age), school age children (SAC, 5–14 years) and adults (15+). In all figures, red represents the female population and blue represents males.
Table 1.
Results of the DeWorm3 baseline census.
Fig 3.
Age- and cluster-weighted (A) prevalence estimates of infection and (B) prevalence of moderate- or heavy-intensity of infection. Weighted estimates account for the stratified sampling approach by age (stage 1) and cluster (stage 2). Cluster-specific age-weighted prevalences (Prcw) were calculated by taking sum of the age-specific prevalences (PrPSAC, PrSAC or Pradult) multiplied by the proportion (Prop) of that age group for each cluster among those 1+ years old (Prcw = PrPSAC*PropPSAC+PrSAC*PropSAC+PrAdult*PropAdult). The final age- and cluster-weighted prevalences (Prw) were calculated by taking the sum of the cluster-specific age-weighted prevalences multiplied by the proportion of the census population living in each cluster (Prw = Prc1w*Propc1+ Prc2w*Propc2 … Prc40w*Propc40). Error bars represent weighted Wilson 95% confidence intervals with design effect adjustment.
Table 2.
Unweighted prevalence and intensity of infection data by site and species.
Fig 4.
Fig 4A, C and E record the estimated total hookworm egg count in the human host population by 5-year age categories, projected from the negative binomial probability distribution for egg counts fitted to the sample data for India (A), Malawi (C) and Benin (E). Fig 4B, 4D and 4F record the estimated individual-level probability of heavy hookworm infection by 5-year age categories, calculated from the negative binomial distribution for egg counts fitted to the sample data for India (B), Malawi (D) and Benin (F). All error bars represent 95% credible intervals.
Fig 5.
Fig 5A, 5C and 5E record the force of infection for hookworm (the per host rate of acquisition of worms per unit of time (year)) as a function of age, calculated from individual hookworm egg count data for India (A), Malawi (C) and Benin (E). Fig 5B, 5D and 5F show the cluster prevalence of infection plotted against the hookworm mean egg count for individual cluster samples. The curve represents the best fit of a negative binomial probability distribution relating the prevalence of infection to the mean egg count (S1 Text).
Table 3.
Aggregation parameter estimates (k) and their 95% credible intervals and mean egg count per worm coefficient, λ.
Fig 6.
Fig 6A records the force of infection for Ascaris (the per host rate of acquisition of worms per unit of time (year)) as a function of age, calculated from individual Ascaris egg count data for Benin. Fig 6B shows the cluster prevalence plotted against the Ascaris mean egg count for individual cluster samples. The curve represents the best fit of a negative binomial probability distribution relating the prevalence of infection and the mean egg count (S1 Text).