Fig 1.
Geography of trapping sites of Hantaan virus (HTNV) collected in Gangwon Province, the Republic of Korea.
The map shows different trapping sites where small mammals were captured in Gangwon Province from 2015 to 2018. The colored circle indicates HTNV RNA positive areas: Cheorwon-gun, green (Gwanu-ri); Chuncheon-si, red (Sinchon-ri); Hwacheon-gun, violet (Sanyang-ri); Yanggu-gun, orange (Mandae-ri). The grey circles represent the areas negative for HTNV specific RT-PCR: Cheorwon-gun (Jadeung-ri, Wasu-ri, Munhye-ri, Jigyeong-ri, Cheongyang-ri, and Gangpo-ri); Chuncheon-si (Geodu-ri and Cheonjeon-ri), Hongcheon-gun (Changchon-ri and Daehandong-gil); Hwacheon-gun (Daei-ri, Guman-ri, and Pungsan-ri); Inje-gun (Seohwa-ri, Deoksan-ri, Gaa-ri, and Cheondo-ri); Pyeongchang-gun (Nodong-ri and Ganpyeong-ri). Adobe Illustrator CS6 (http://www.adobe.com/products/illustrator.html) was used to create the map.
Table 1.
Summary for small mammals trapping in Gangwon Province from 2015 to 2018.
Table 2.
Serological and molecular screening results of Hantaan virus (HTNV) from Apodemus agrarius captured in Gangwon Province during 2015–2018.
Table 3.
Next-generation sequencing coverages of Hantaan virus (HTNV) from rodents collected during 2015 to 2018.
Fig 2.
Phylogeographic analysis of Hantaan virus (HTNV) from rodents collected in Gangwon Province.
Whole-genome sequences of HTNV from lung or spleen tissues of RT-PCR positive A. agrarius were obtained by multiplex PCR-based NGS and RACE PCR. Phylogenetic trees of HTNV (A) L segments, (B) M segments, and (C) S segments were generated by ML method. Branch lengths are proportional to the number of nucleotide substitutions, while vertical distances are for clarity. The numbers at each node are bootstrap probabilities, as determined for 1,000 iterations. The colors indicate specific sites in Gangwon Province; violet, Sanyang-ri in Hwacheon-gun; red, Sinchon-ri in Chuncheon-si; green, Gwanu-ri in Cheorwon-gun; orange, Mandae-ri in Yanggu-gun, respectively. The following HTNV sequences were used: Aa03-387 (L segment, KT934958; M segment, KT934992; S segment, KT935026), Aa04-722 (L segment, KU2071740; M segment, KU207182; S segment, KU207190), Aa05-190 (L segment, KT934959; M segment, KT934993; S segment, KT935027), Aa05-331 (L segment, KT934962; M segment, KT934996; S segment, KT935030), Aa09-410 (L segment, KU207177; M segment, KU207185; S segment, KU207193), Aa09-948 (L segment, KT934966; M segment, KT935000; S segment, KT935034), Aa10-288 (L segment, KT934969; M segment, KT935003; S segment, KT935037), Aa10-434 (L segment, KT934970; M segment, KT935004; S segment, KT935038), Aa10-518 (L segment, KT934971; M segment, KT935005; S segment, KT935039), Aa14-204 (L segment, KT934977; M segment, KT935011; S segment, KT935045), Aa14-406 (L segment, KT934985; M segment, KT935019; S segment, KT935053), Aa14-172 (L segment, KT934974; M segment, KT935008; S segment, KT935042), Aa14-362 (L segment, KT934981; M segment, KT935015; S segment, KT935049), Aa14-368 (L segment, KT934982; M segment, KT935016; S segment, KT935050), Aa14-412 (L segment, KT934987; M segment, KT935021; S segment, KT935055), Aa15-56 (L segment, KU207179; M segment, KU207187; S segment, KU207195), Aa15-58 (L segment, KU207180; M segment, KU207188; S segment, KU207196), HTNV 76–118 (L segment, NC005222; M segment, M14627; S segment, M14626), HTNV HV004 (L segment, JQ083393; M segment, JQ083394; S segment, JQ093395), DOBV Saaremaa/160V (L segment, AJ410618; M segment, AJ009774; S segment, AJ009773) and SEOV 80–39 (L segment, NC_005238; M segment, NC_005237; S segment, NC_005236).
Fig 3.
Geographic clines and phylogenetic clades representing the transition between genetic lineages of Hantaan virus (HTNV) in the Republic of Korea.
Geographic clines show estimated changes in the population frequency of characters along geographic transects in Gyeonggi and Gangwon Provinces. The symbol sizes are equivalent to the number of samples and symbol colors to the genotype frequency per location (green, clade I; orange, hybrid zone; violet, clade II). The regions of 95% credible cline are shown in gray shade. Dotted lines indicate the distribution of the hybrid zone.
Fig 4.
The hybrid zone of Hantaan virus (HTNV) found between two diverged clades in Gyeonggi and Gangwon Provinces.
This map shows the geographic distribution of the genetic lineages of HTNV in Gyeonggi and Gangwon Provinces, Republic of Korea. The hybrid zone is observed at two sites (Cheorwon-gun and Hwacheon-gun) in Gangwon Province. The pink circle indicates the contact regions between two clades of HTNV in the hybrid zone. The colors represent specific genetic lineages: Green, clade I; orange, hybrid zone; violet, clade II. The geographic map was created by Quantum Geographical Information System (QGIS) software V.3.4.
Table 4.
Frequency of genotype clades of Hantaan virus and the number of samples for the hybrid zone between the Gyeonggi and Gangwon Provinces.