Fig 1.
Ascogregarina taiwanensis lifecycle.
(1) Development of A. taiwanensis is initiated when oocysts are ingested from the aquatic environment by a 1st instar larvae. (2) Oocysts release sporozoites into host epithelial cells. (3) Sporozoites develop into trophozoites. (4) Before pupation, trophozoites travel to the Malpighian tubules and develop into either micro- and macrogametes that may fuse to form gametocysts. Oocysts develop within the gametocyst. (5) Oocysts are eventually shed into aquatic environment during the transition from pupae to adult. Life-cycle adapted from Tseng, 2007 [28].
Fig 2.
Heatmap showing the prevalence of bacterial taxa within an individual mosquito distributed across sites.
Cell values are calculated as proportions across rows. The site dendrogram was estimated with Euclidean distances based on geo-spatial data. Sites abbreviations: Forest Bird Recovery (FBR), Hana (HAN), Kahului (KAH), Kaupo (KAU), Keokea (KEO), Kula (KUL), Maui Invasive Species Council (MIS), Olowalu (OLO) (S1 Table). Enterobacteriaceae taxonomic names had multiple hits when blasted against the NCBI GenBank database and have been given family names for clarity. Enterobacteriaceae 1–4 were most similar to sequences identified as Klebsiella sp. and Enterobacter sp.; Pantoea sp.; Cedecea sp. or Klebsiella sp.; and Yersinia or Serratia, respectively.
Table 1.
The estimates and standard errors for variables included in the full linear mixed model to explain variation in species richness*.
Table 2.
The estimates and standard errors for variables included in the full linear mixed model to explain variation in species evenness.
Fig 3.
The composition of the bacteriome of Ae. albopictus among different sampling sites on Maui, HI.
This figure represents the bacteriome of mosquitoes collected over entire study (n = 118): FBR (n = 4), HAN (n = 26), KAH (n = 27), KAU (n = 3), KEO (n = 5), KUL (n = 28), MIS (n = 12), OLO (n = 13).
Table 3.
The estimates and associated standard errors of fixed effects, and the variance and associated standard deviation of the random effects in a mixed effects model that only included significant effects in the analysis, which interrogates the change in the composition of the microbiome within Ae. albopictus mosquitoes.
*.
Fig 4.
The composition of the Ae. albopictus bacteriome between A. taiwanensis-infected (n = 99) and uninfected (n = 19) mosquito individuals.
Table 4.
Odds ratios indicating predicted probabilities of sampling bacterial taxa when mosquitoes are highly infected with A. taiwanensis or not infected.
Table 5.
The estimates and standard errors of fixed effects and the variances and standard deviation of the random effects in a mixed effect model that interrogates the change in A. taiwanensis infection between mosquitoes.